[0:09]Welcome to Study IQ. Mera naam hai Aadesh Singh. Dosto Study IQ ki puri team ki ore se aap sabhi darshakon ko Ganatantra Diwas ki hardik shubhkamnaye. Aaj hamare charcha ka vishay hai Indian Constitution, yaani ki Bharat ka sanvidhan. Sabhi jaante hain ki Bharat duniya ka sabse bada loktantra hai. Lekin iske saath hi iske paas duniya ka sabse bada likhit sanvidhan bhi hai. Bharat ka sanvidhan sirf ek likhit dastavez nahi hai, balki ek Bhartiya nagrik ki pehchan hai. Har saal 26 January ko hum sabhi desh vasi apni isi pehchan ko Ganatantra Diwas yaani ki Republic Day ke roop mein manate hain. 1950 mein isi din Bharat ka Sanvidhan pure desh par lagu kiya gaya tha. Lekin duniya ke sabse bade sanvidhan ki rachna karna koi aasan kaam nahi tha. Ye un logo ki kadi mehnat ka fal tha jinhone iski kalpana kar kul 2 saal 11 mahine aur 18 din ka samay lekar isi ek likhit roop diya tha. Bharat ke sanvidhan ke nirman ke piche maujood kahani ko Bharat ke itihas mein ek ullekhniye sthan prapt hai. Dosto 74th Republic Day ke avsar par aaj ki is charcha mein hum aapke saath Bhartiya sanvidhan ke nirman aur isme shamil logon, karyon aur ghatnaon ko sajha karenge. Toh aaiye dekhte hain itihas ke panno se Bhartiya sanvidhan ke banne ki kahani.
[1:41]Dosto sanvidhan sabha ka gathan 1946 mein hua tha. Lekin Democratic institutions aur adhikaron ke vikas ki prakriya sanvidhan sabha ke banne se bahut pehle hi shuru ho chuki thi. 1858 se hi vibhinn adhiniyamon ke madhyam se British India mein sanvidhan ke tatvon ko lagu karne ka prayas British shasakon dwara kiya gaya tha. Inmein se pehla adhiniyam Government of India Act 1858 tha. Iske baad British dwara Indian Council Acts 1861, 1892, 1909, Government of India Act 1919 prastut kiya gaya. Halaki inmein Bharatiyon ki koi bhoomika nahi thi aur unhein shamil nahi kiya gaya tha. Dar asal colonial kaal ke dauran pesh kiye gaye ye sabhi acts keval colonial interests ki taraf rujhan rakhte the.
[2:35]Aur unka Bharat ke aham uddeshyon ko pura karne ka koi irada nahi dikh raha tha. Bhartiyon dwara sanvidhan taiyar karne ka pehla prayas Motilal Nehru ke netritva mein 1928 mein kiya gaya tha. Is draft ko hum Nehru Report ya Swaraj Constitution ke roop mein jaante hain. Dosto san 1934 mein sanvidhan sabha yaani ki Constituent Assembly ke gathan ka vichar pehli baar M.N. Roy dwara prastut kiya gaya tha. M.N. Roy Bharat mein Communist movement ke sansthapak aur radical democratism ke samarthak the. Iske baad 1935 mein aupcharik taur par Indian National Congress yaani INC dwara Bharat ke sanvidhan ki rachna ke liye ek Constituent Assembly ke gathan karne ki mang rakhi gayi. Isi beech British sarkar ne Government of India Act 1935 ko pesh kiya aur isne bhi Bhartiyon ko nirash hi kiya. Halaki 1935 ka ye adhiniyam ant mein jaakar Bhartiya sanvidhan ka ek mahatvapurna source bana. Iske baad 1938 mein Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru ne INC ki ore se ghoshit kiya ki swatantra Bharat ka sanvidhan adult suffrage ke adhar par chuni gayi sanvidhan sabha dwara bina kisi bahri hastakshep ke banaya jaana chahiye. Shuruat mein colonial adhikariyon ne sanvidhan ke nirman ki mang ka virodh kiya. Lekin dwitiya vishwa yuddh ke prakop aur Britain mein nayi sarkar ke gathan ke saath paristhitiyan badli. Aur antata British sarkar dwara is mang ko 1940 mein swikar kiya gaya. Aaiye dekhte hain kab aur kaise Constituent Assembly ka gathan sambhav ho paya. 8th August 1940 ko Bharat ke tatkalin Viceroy Lord Linlithgow ne British Parliament ki ore se August Offer namak ek prastav parit kiya. Is prastav mein British sarkar dwara vada kiya gaya tha ki dwitiya vishwa yuddh ki samapti ke baad Bharat ke Constitutional future ka nirdharan karne ke liye Constituent Assembly ki sthapna ki jayegi. Aur isi kram mein 1942 mein British sarkar ne apne Cabinet sadasya Sir Stafford Cripps ke netritva mein Cripps Mission ko Bharat bheja. Halaki Indian National Congress aur Muslim League dono ke dwara is mission ke prastavon ko swikar nahi kiya gaya. Jahan ek taraf INC British dwara offer kiye gaye Dominion Status ke paksh mein nahi thi. Wahin dusri ore Muslim League do autonomous states aur do sanvidhan sabha ke gathan ki mang kar rahi thi. Parinaam swaroop Cripps Mission asafal ho gaya. Iske baad san 1946 mein British sarkar ne cabinet sadasyon ka ek aur pratinidhimandal Bharat bheja. Jise Cabinet Mission Plan ke roop mein jaana jata hai. Ismein teen cabinet sadasya shamil the. Pehle Lord Pathick Lawrence, dusre Sir Stafford Cripps aur teesre Mr. A.V. Alexander. Ye Cabinet Mission hi tha jiske prastav se Bhartiya sanvidhan ke nirman hetu ek buniyadi dhancha taiyar kiya gaya aur ise sanvidhan sabha ka naam diya gaya. Is mission ke anusar sabhi Provinces aur Princely States ke sambandhit jansankhya ke anupat mein assembly mein seats pradan ki jayengi. Lagbhag har 10 lakh ki abadi par ek seat aavantit ki gayi thi. Sanvidhan sabha mein kul 389 seats thi. Aur inmein se 296 seats British India ke liye aur shesh 93 seats Princely States ke liye aavantit hui. Constituent Assembly ke liye saal 1946 ke July August mahine ke dauran British sarkar ki 296 seats ke liye chunav karaya gaya. In seats mein INC ne kul 208 seats par jeet hasil ki, wahin Muslim League ne 73 seats hasil ki. Aur baki ki bachi 15 seats independent ummeedwaron ko mili. Halaki sanvidhan sabha ke sadasya seedhe Bhartiya logo dwara nahi chune gaye the. Lekin Restricted Adult Franchise ke madhyam se chune jaane ke bawajood sanvidhan sabha mein samaj ke sabhi vargon ke pratinidhi shamil the. Jaise ki Hindu, Muslim, Sikh, Parsi, Anglo-Indians, Christians, SCs and STs, Backward classes aur in sabhi vargon se sambandhit kul 15 mahilayen bhi shamil thi. Aur is prakar kai mushkilo ke baad antatah sanvidhan sabha ka gathan ho hi gaya. Dosto hum sabhi jaante hain ki Bharat ka sanvidhan ek lambi prakriya aur vichar vimarsh ka parinaam hai. Aur is vichar vimarsh ki kahani shuru hoti hai Constituent Assembly ki pehli baithak se. Aaiye dekhte hain Bhartiya sanvidhan ke nirman mein is sanvidhan sabha ki kya bhoomika rahi.
[7:14]Dosto aakhirkar wo aitihasik din aa hi gaya jiska intzar sanvidhan sabha ke gathan ka prayas karne wale sabhi rashtravadiyon ko tha. 9 December 1946. Ye wahi din tha jab sanvidhan sabha ki pehli baithak ke liye sabhi pratinidhi Constitution Hall pahunch gaye. Hindustan ka ek naya roop dene ke liye aur naye sanvidhan ko ek aakar dene ke liye Bharat ki sabhi mahatvapurna hastiyan wahan maujood thi. Lekin Muslim League ne is baithak ka purna bahishkar kiya tha. Iske saath hi do aham log wahan nahi the, Mahatma Gandhi aur Mohammed Ali Jinnah. Is prakar baithak mein keval 211 sadasyon ne hi bhag liya. France ki ek parampara ko follow karte hue sabha ke sabse buzurg sadasya Dr. Sachchidananda Sinha ko sabha ka temporary president niyukt kiya gaya. Baad mein 11 December 1946 ko chunav prakriya ke तहत Dr. Rajendra Prasad ko Assembly ka President aur H.C. Mukherjee ko Vice President niyukt kiya gaya. Iske saath hi Sir B.N. Rau ko Assembly ka Constitutional Advisor niyukt kiya gaya. Dosto abhi sabhi sadasya naye Sanvidhan Sabha ke niyamo mein dhal hi rahe the ki 13 December 1946 ko Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru ne sabha mein ek aisa prastav pesh kiya jo hamare Sanvidhan ki neev banne wala tha. Is prastav ko hum Objectives Resolution ke naam se jaante hain. Darasal ye Objectives Resolution swatantra Bharat ke liye wo vision tha jisne Constitutional structure ke fundamentals aur philosophy ko nirdharit kiya.
[8:52]Ye Resolution tha sanvidhan ke lakshya aur uddeshyaon ke bare mein. Sabha mein iska vivaran dete hue Nehru ji ne bola. Hamara Bharat ek fully sovereign republic hoga. Ye apna sanvidhan swayam ghoshit karega. Bhartiya Sangh ke roop mein hamare desh mein aise kshetra shamil kiye jayenge jo us samay British sarkar ke adheen the. Iske saath hi Princely States aur waise kshetra bhi shamil ho sakte hain jo Sovereign India ke saath judna chahte hain. Bhartiya nagrikon ko aarthik, rajnaitik, samajik avsar aur kanoon ke samaksh samanta ke saath-saath vichar ki abhivyakti, bhraman, sangathan banana, dharmik vishwas, ityaadi sabhi prakar ki swatantrata pradan ki jayegi. Iske saath hi Bharat mein Backward Casts aur Tribes, Minorities ityadi samooh ke logo ko samuchit suraksha pradan ki jayegi. Iske alawa Nehru ji ne ghoshna ki ki Sovereign Bharat ki sabhi power aur authority ka antim strot keval Bharat ki janta hogi. Is Objective Resolution ko sabha ke sabhi sadasyon dwara 22 January 1947 ko ek mat se swikar kar liya gaya. Is Resolution ne baad mein sanvidhan nirman mein mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhai. Isi Resolution ke modified version ko vartaman sanvidhan ke Preamble yaani ki Uddeshika ke roop mein jaana jata hai. Sanvidhan banane ka kaam shuru hone ke kuch samay baad hi Britain mein sarkar badal gayi. Nayi sarkar ke Prime Minister Clement Attlee ne 20 February 1947 ko British Parliament ke House of Commons mein ye ghoshna ki ki Britain ab Indian politicians ko power transfer karenge aur India ko chhodkar chale jayenge. Iske baad 3 June 1947 ko India ke naye Viceroy Lord Mountbatten ne ek prastav pesh kiya. Ise Mountbatten Plan ke roop mein jaana jata hai. Is prastav mein British sarkar ne India ke partition ko accept karte hue Bharat aur Pakistan do desh banane par sahamati vyakt ki thi. Iske baad July 1947 mein British Parliament mein Independence of India Act 1947 parit kiya gaya. Aur isi act ki wajah se sanvidhan sabha ab fully sovereign body ban gayi thi. Iska matlab ye tha ki ye sabha ab puri tarah se azad thi ki wo jaisa sanvidhan banana chahe bana sakti hai. Chunki iske saath Bharat ka vibhajan bhi ho gaya tha toh sabha ki sadasyata 389 se ghatkar 299 reh gayi. Kyunki kafi sare provinces ab Bharat ka hissa nahi reh gaye the. Iske saath hi sanvidhan sabha ab ek legislative body ban chuki thi. Iska matlab ye tha ki ab sabha ke paas sanvidhan ka nirman karne ke alawa ek aur karya tha. Aur wo tha desh ke liye samanya kanoon ko adhiniyamit karna. Aur isi karan Constituent Assembly ko India ka pehla Parliament kaha jata hai. Jab ye sabha sanvidhan banane ka karya karti thi to iske president hote the Dr. Rajendra Prasad. Wahin dusri ore jab ye sabha apne legislative function ka karya nibha rahi hoti thi to iske president hote the G V Mavlankar. Sabha ke ye dono karya 26 November 1949 tak chale. Dosto kisi bhi prakar ke mismanagement se bachne ke liye aur kaam ke bojh ko santulit karne ke liye sanvidhan sabha ne vibhinn samitiyon yaani ki Committees ka gathan kiya tha. Un sabhi samitiyon mein se aath mukhya samitiyan thi. Un aath samitiyon mein sabse atyadhik mahatvapurna samiti thi Drafting Committee. Is samiti ko vibhinn samitiyon ke prastavon ko dhyan mein rakhkar Bharat ke sanvidhan ka draft taiyar karne ka mukhya karya saumpa gaya tha. Aaiye is samiti ki bhoomika par ek nazar dalte hain. Dosto Drafting Committee ka gathan 29 August 1947 ko hua tha. Is samiti mein sabha ke saat sadasya shamil the. Inmein samiti ke adhyaksh ke roop mein Dr. B.R. Ambedkar ke alawa Dr. K.M. Munshi, Syed Mohammad Saadullah, N. Madhav Rau, N. Gopalaswamy Ayyangar, Alladi Krishnaswamy Ayyar aur T.T. Krishnamachari shamil the. Samiti ne 6 mahine se kam ki avadhi mein pehla draft taiyar kar February 1948 mein ise prakashit kiya. Iske saath hi Bharat ke logo ko draft mein sanshodhan par charcha karne ke liye 8 mahine ka samay diya gaya. Aur logo dwara bataye gaye sanshodhanon, aalochanaon aur sujhavon ko dhyan mein rakhte hue samiti ne sanvidhan ka dusra draft October 1948 mein prakashit kiya. Antatah 4 November 1948 ko Dr. B.R. Ambedkar ne sanvidhan ka antim praroop sabha mein prastut kiya. Is antim praroop par lagbhag 32 dino tak vichar vimarsh kiya gaya. Aur is avadhi ke dauran ismein 7635 sanshodhan prastavit kiye gaye. Jinmein se 2443 par vistar se charcha ki gayi. Aur ant mein Bharat ke sanvidhan ko 395 articles, 12 schedules aur 22 parts mein vibhajit kiya gaya. Vartaman mein ye sankhya badhkar 448 articles, 12 schedules aur 25 parts ho chuki hai. 2 saal 11 mahine aur 18 dino ki mehnat ke baad aakhirkar wo din aa hi gaya jiska sabhi desh vasiyon ko aur sanvidhan sabha ke sadasyon ko besabri se intzar tha. Aaiye dekhte hain kab aur kaise hamara sanvidhan apnaya gaya aur desh bhar mein lagu hua.
[14:31]Dosto 26 November 1949 ko sabha mein maujood 284 sadasyon aur sabha ke president ke hastakshar ke saath Bharat ke sanvidhan ko desh dwara apnaya liya gaya tha. 26 November ko hi desh mein Constitution Day ke roop mein jaana jata hai. Halaki 26 November ko ise apnaya toh liya gaya tha.
[14:55]Lekin phir bhi hum 26 January ko Republic Day manate hain, aisa kyun? Darasal dosto Citizenship, Elections, Provisional Government ityadi jaise kuch prabhavano ko chhodkar sanvidhan ka shesh pramukh bhag pure desh mein 26 January 1950 ko lagu kiya gaya tha. Aur isiliye is din ko Republic Day ke roop mein manaya jata hai. 26 January ko vishesh taur par iske aitihasik mahatva ke karan chuna gaya tha. Saal 1930 mein isi din Indian National Congress ke Lahore adhiveshan ke baad Purna Swaraj Diwas manaya gaya tha. Aur isi din ke smaran mein is tareekh ka chayan hua. 24 January 1950 ko Sanvidhan Sabha ki aakhri baithak hui jismein Dr. Rajendra Prasad ko Bharat ka pehla Rashtrapati chuna gaya. Halaki sabha ko samapt nahi kiya gaya aur Bharat ke asthayi sansad ke roop mein 26 January 1950 se lekar 1951 mein hue pehle aam chunav tak ye karya karti rahi. Sanvidhan ke nirman ke alawa sanvidhan sabha ne apne karyakaal ke dauran kuch aur karyon ko bhi sampann kiya tha. Isne 22 July 1947 ko National Flag ko iske vartaman roop mein apnaya tha. Iske saath hi 24 January 1950 ko Rashtriya Gaan aur Rashtriya Geet ko bhi apnaya gaya. Hamare Sanvidhan ki original copy Hindi aur English dono mein likhi gayi thi. Halaki tab iske liye typing ya printing ka upyog nahi hua tha. Dono bhashaon mein iski original copy Prem Bihari Narayan Raizada dwara likhi gayi thi. Is karya ko pura karne mein unhein 6 mahine lag gaye the. Iske saath hi sanvidhan ke pratyek page ko Acharya Nand Lal Bose dwara chitron se sajaya gaya tha. Aur unke shishya Ram Manohar Sinha dwara iske introduction page ko sajane ka kaam kiya gaya tha. Yakeenan hum in sabhi mahatvapurna hastiyon ke aabhari rahenge. Jinke athak prayas aur mehnat ke karan is desh ko apni sabse badi sampatti sanvidhan ke roop mein mili. Toh dosto ye thi kahani sanvidhan ke nirman ki jise Bharat mein sabhi kanuno ki janani mana jata hai. Desh mein kisi ko bhi sanvidhan ka ullanghan karne ki shaktiyan uplabdh nahi hai. Aaj ki charcha yahi samapt karte hue hum aap darshakon ke liye ek sawal dekar jaa rahe hain. Is kahani ke madhyam se humne aapko bataya tha ki 15 mahilayen bhi shamil thi. Wo shreshth mahilayen kaun-kaun thi? Aap iska jawab hamare saath comment section mein zaroor share karein.
