[0:00]Hello everyone, welcome back to the Pharmacy India Live. So if you are in D. Pharma First Year and pursuing D. Pharma from any university or board, then in today's video, I will tell you some of the most important 10 questions that have been commonly asked in previous years in every university. And for your upcoming exam, if you have studied these particular questions or topics, then you are sure to get 80 to 90% marks in your exam. Let's move ahead, let's start. And before moving ahead, if you have not yet joined the other platforms of Pharmacy India Live, then the link is given in the description box. Along with this, if you want notes in PDF format, then you must join the Telegram link given in the description box so that you can get the PDF. Let's start and move on to our questions. The first question is: Describe various phases of menstrual cycle. This is one of the most, most, most important topic, from where the most questions have been asked in every university exam. Menstrual cycle is a very important topic of the reproductive system and you have been asked in detail, so you have to answer accordingly. Okay, now how to write the answer? First thing is that you prefer to write in points, do not write in long paragraphs because it makes it easier to read and also easier to check. Let's start with the menstrual cycle. How can you write it? First thing is that you can also write it in boxes like this or you can write in points according to yourself. It has four phases. The first is the menstrual phase. You should know the days, 3-5 days. And then, what are the events inside it? That is, what particular changes take place inside a woman's body?
[2:01]The endometrium will break down, then which hormones will be at their peak, which will be at their minimum, you need to know that. The second phase inside it is the follicular phase after the menstrual phase, which has another name, proliferative phase. Its days will be 6-13 days. What happens inside it? Proliferation means the formation of things. After the menstrual cycle, for the start of a new cycle, this thing proliferates, forms. This happens inside it. Our third phase comes, the ovulatory phase, which is exactly on the 14th day of the menstrual cycle, if it is a 28-day cycle, then in it there will be secretion of ovum from the ovary. This is called ovulation. And the last phase we have is the luteal phase. The luteal phase is also called the secretory phase because from here corpus luteum will be formed and some hormones will also be secreted, for example progesterone. This was about it in detail. Now I will show you a diagram from where everything will be clear to you and if you make this diagram, then no one can stop you from getting full marks. Look, in this way you can see four phases. The first is what will be happening inside your uterus, that is, uterine events, then ovarian hormones, what will be the level of ovarian hormones, then after that ovarian events, that is, what will be happening inside the ovaries and the last are pituitary hormones, that is, what will be the pituitary gland hormones. When are they at their peak? When are they low? And along with that, what changes are happening inside the ovaries? You have to keep these things in mind so that you can avoid any problems. Let's move on. The next question we have is: Write a short note on blood components with respective functions. Again, a very important topic.
[3:49]That you have to tell the components of your blood and what are their respective functions, you have to tell all those things. Again I will say, leave the paragraph. Leave it because the more you write in points, the more clearly you get marks. Let's start. Look, your, normally, your blood is divided into two parts, plasma and then your formed elements. We are going to discuss formed elements because you all know what plasma is.
[4:19]Red blood cells, what will be their function, where will they be formed and will there be a nucleus inside them or not and what will be its structure. If you make the structure, it is fine, if you do not make it, then also it is fine. Clear? RBC, what is its origin? Bone marrow. Then what is its function? It works to carry oxygen, hormones, nutrients, etc. inside your body. Will there be a nucleus inside it? No.
[4:37]It is anucleated, completely. There will be no nucleus present here. The second thing is that WBC is divided into two parts. Which two parts? Granulocyte, agranulocyte. You all know this, out of which the major one is granulocyte. It is divided into three parts: neutrophil, basophil, and eosinophil. Let's see what happens. If we talk about neutrophil, it is present around 70%. That is, the one that will be present in the highest amount in the entire WBC is your neutrophil. What is its function? Its only function is to engulf bacteria, that is, it will show phagocytosis. It shows phagocytosis. Okay? This is very important. You should know where, how and when phagocytosis occurs. To catch and eat bacteria, this is called phagocytosis. This is the work of neutrophil. There is another brother of it, I will tell you further. Second is neutrophil, its small part will be present around 1.5% and its origin is the same. All things are formed there, bone marrow. And what is its function? It shows allergic responses. Okay? It shows allergic responses and anti-histamine properties. Okay? And will there be a nucleus inside it? Yes, there will be a nucleus, all things will be there. Clear? Let's go. Next we have basophil, which will be present in even less amount, 0.5%.
[5:56]Its origin is the same, bone marrow. Where will it be formed? Bone marrow. What will be its function? The function is important. Okay? Such questions can come or you can be asked questions from a particular region, so you should know what is the respective function of each component. If I talk about basophil, then basophil has one very important function and that is to secrete histamine and heparin. It also has another brother, serotonin. Serotonin is also secreted, so all these three things are secreted by your basophil. Okay? 0.5% will be there.
[6:29]Look, when you get an allergy to something, your body starts giving reactions. For example, itching will start, itching means you understand, after that rashes will appear, sneezing will start, cough will happen. This is what happens. All these things will happen because of this. So you can write here, allergic, allergic conditions will be generated. Conditions generated. Okay? After that, next we have monocytes. From here, agranulocytes start. Both of these will be agranulocytes. Agranulocytes, that is, in which granules are not present. Okay? Granules and nucleus, both are very different. Okay, both things are very different, so you should know.
[7:16]Monocyte 28%, this is the brother of neutrophil. It also does the same thing, engulfs bacteria, that is, it will show phagocytosis. It shows phagocytosis.
[7:30]Clear? Well, there is one more very important thing about it, that its nucleus is bean-shaped, that is, it is like your rajma. Everyone must have seen rajma, it is like that, like kidney. Lymphocyte 24%, it is of two types, B and T. No need to study here, it is important in the lymphatic system, not here. Clear?
[7:48]What is its function? It produces antibodies. Look, you all know the work of B and T. Basically, the work of generating immunity inside your body will be done by lymphocytes. Okay? And lastly, we have platelets. Platelets will help in blood coagulation, there is no nucleus, it is needed in large amounts. This is the entire blood component. Okay? Let's move on. Next question: Who discovered blood groups? Enlist different types of blood group. Now you have to tell who discovered blood groups and you have to tell their different types, how many there are. Let's start. First thing here is not written, but write it. Karl Landsteiner. Karl Landsteiner. These were the ones who told you the discovery of blood group.
[8:46]Okay? Blood group was discovered by Karl Landsteiner. We basically have only four types of blood groups. There are thousands of millions of people in the world, but everyone has only these four blood groups. Blood group A, B, AB and O. The differentiation is this, that your antigen, on the basis of antigen, antigen that is present on our RBC, on the basis of that, Karl Landsteiner gave this classification. Okay? For example, if I talk about it, if my blood group is A, let's say, then in my blood group, the antigen that will be sitting on the RBC will also be A. And if I talk about antibody, it will be completely opposite. That is, if my blood group is A, then I will have B antibody.
[9:28]If someone's blood group is B, the antigen will be the same, but the antibody will be different. What is different? The AB blood group has antigen, but no antibody. Okay? And the O blood group has no antigen. No antigen. Antibody is present. That's why we call O blood group universal donor and AB blood group universal recipient. This is important, remember this. O is universal donor. That is, it can donate blood to anyone. And the AB blood group can receive blood from anyone. Universal acceptor. I have told you the reason, in one there is no antibody present and in the other there is no antigen present. This thing you know, how we classified it, on the basis of antigen on the RBC. Another important thing is where are antigens present? Where are antibodies present?
[10:32]Look, antigens are present on the surface of RBC. They are attached to the RBC. And antibodies are in the plasma. Okay? Antibodies are in the plasma. Clear? Let's go. Next question: Describe the process of blood coagulation. Name the factors which affect blood clotting cascade. Now the question is, first thing is that you have to tell the entire process of blood clot. I will tell you here. Then after that you have to discuss the factors affecting blood clot. Let's start with its mechanism. So basically, things are already present inside your body, you just have to activate them. For example, the first thing that needs to be activated is prothrombin.
[11:26]When prothrombin is converted, it is converted to thrombin. But to activate it, someone is needed. So here, the thing that is needed is an enzyme called thrombokinase. Thrombokinase. When it is completely activated, then thrombin is finally converted into what? What is it converted into? It basically converts fibrinogen. What is fibrinogen? A very important protein is found inside plasma, whose name is, I will write it separately. Okay? I will write it separately. Okay, so fibrinogen has to be converted into fibrin. This work will be done by thrombin. That's why we first made thrombin, then after that, we converted fibrinogen into fibrin. And then finally, this fibrin forms very, very, very thin, very microscopic web-like structures of blood clots.
[12:35]Okay? Let's go. It made a blood clot. Now the question is, how did this entire cascade mechanism that I told you happen? How did it run? Why, why, why was prothrombin converted into thrombin? Where did this thrombokinase come from? Where did all these things happen? So to affect this, you have some blood clot factors. About which we will discuss now. The total number of blood clotting factors is 13, but remember that after 5, you will directly jump to 7, 6 is not there, it is absent. Okay? This is where you will get confused. Let's start. Let's start with factors. I have already told you the total number. Total 13. I will tell you a trick with the help of which you will be able to remember all the factors. So I will keep writing here so that it is easy for you to read. Okay? Shall I write in red? Let's go. Let's start. First I will speak, then after that we will move on. Freshers Party Tonight Come Let's Sing And Call Seniors Please Have Fun. Okay? This is your trick.
[14:15]What is it? Freshers Party Tonight Come Let's Sing And Call Seniors Please Have Fun. All 13 are done. Now how can we, what can these be, how will they work? Let's quickly see that once. Look, factor number one is fibrinogen. The first alphabet of Freshers that I just told you, from its first alphabet, every blood clot factor is formed. For example, from F of Freshers, fibrinogen will be formed. From P of Party, prothrombin will be formed. Okay? Now you understand where all these things came from. All this happens. What will be the function? Look, its function is known to you that it is converted into fibrin and this will be converted into thrombin. Tissue thromboplastin, which is your third blood clotting factor. What will it be? It is very important for in vivo coagulation. What is this in vivo coagulation? Look, the things that happen inside your body are in vivo. The things that happen outside the body are in vitro. Okay? How to remember? Vitro, there is T, outside there is T, so you can remember like this. Okay, that's a different thing. Let's go. Factor number four is calcium ions, that is, from C of Come, that is calcium ion. Why is it important? If there is no calcium in your body, there will be no coagulation, remember that. Okay? So in this way, you can remember all things. Now, look, factor number five is factor number seven, six is not there, no one will ask me why six is not written because it is not there. Okay? I have not written it by myself, it is not there. Let's go. These are all the blood clotting factors that you should know. I have told you the trick. With its help, you will easily remember all the blood clotting factors. We move on to our next question. Next question is: What are the different types of pulmonary volumes and capacities with their normal ranges. Now, in your respiratory system, there is a very important topic, which is pulmonary capacities and volumes. Okay? The question has come from there and this question is very important, remember it. Clear? Questions can be asked from its range, from its formula, which I will tell you now. There are formulas in capacities. Questions can be asked from there. Let's start. First we will do volumes because capacities are formed from volumes. Okay? Pulmonary air volumes are also four. Capacities are also four. Which ones? I will tell you like this. First is tidal volume. Tidal volume (TV). The volume of air inspired or expired with every normal breath without any effort. Its normal range is important. 500 ml. Now it is also important that you keep in mind the unit in which the question is coming.
[17:41]If it is asked in milliliters, 500, and if it is asked in liters, then the same thing will come to you. How to do it? It will be 0.5 liters. Okay? So also keep in mind the unit. The second is inspiratory reserve volume. Now I have taken a breath comfortably, but my heart is not full, I took one more breath with force, that is your inspiratory reserve volume. Okay? Additional amount of air that you inhale with efforts. Okay?
[18:15]That is inspiratory reserve volume. How much is the amount? Around 2500 to 300 ml. Okay? Again, please keep in mind the unit. Third, we have expiratory reserve volume, reverse it. You expired, breathed out, but you are not satisfied. You want the air inside me to go out. So you forcefully exhaled whatever amount of air, CO2, that is expiratory reserve volume. How much is the amount? Around, look, this is less. That means something is left. Now see what will be left. 1000 to 1100. You took so much breath. You exhaled so much. So where did the rest go? The rest went into residual volume. Okay? Write this also, cannot, cannot be measured by spirometer. Spirometer. And you must have understood what a spirometer is. It's just a breathing machine. Tidal volume. The tidal volume means that whatever you, whatever you breathe in or out without any effort, comfortably, calmly. That is tidal volume. Okay? Its normal range is important. 500 ml. Now it is also important that you keep in mind the unit in which the question is coming. If it is asked in milliliters, 500, and if it is asked in liters, then the same thing, you know it. How to do it? It will be 0.5 liters. Okay? So also keep in mind the unit. Second is inspiratory reserve volume. Now I have taken a breath comfortably, but my heart is not full, I took one more breath with force, that is your inspiratory reserve volume. Okay? Additional amount of air that you inhale with efforts. Okay? That is inspiratory reserve volume. How much is the amount? Around 2500 to 3000 ml. Okay? Again, please keep in mind the unit. Third, we have expiratory reserve volume, reverse it. You expired, breathed out, but you are not satisfied. You want the air inside me to go out. So you forcefully exhaled whatever amount of air, CO2, that is expiratory reserve volume. How much is the amount? Around, look, this is less. That means something is left. Now see what will be left. 1000 to 1100. You took so much breath. You exhaled so much. So where did the rest go? The rest went into residual volume. Okay? Write this also, cannot, cannot be measured by spirometer. Spirometer. And you must have understood what a spirometer is. It's just a breathing machine. Residual volume means that amount of air that remains in your lungs after a normal expiration. What is it called? Residual volume. Clear? It's easy. Its, look, it will lie somewhere between this and this. 1100 to 1200. Because only this much is left. Look. Okay? Clear? In milliliters, remember that.
[19:32]These are all the residual lung volumes basically. Now we will move on to lung capacities. Lung capacities you calculate with the help of this only, remember that. They are calculated with the help of lung volumes. These are also four. The first is inspiratory capacity. What is inspiratory capacity? Now listen carefully. That was easy, you read it comfortably. But what will be inspiratory capacity? That volume of air. Which a person can inspire after a normal expiration. That is, when you normally expire. You have exhaled all the CO2. After that, whatever amount you can inspire. That is inspiratory capacity. Okay? From the name itself, you know, inspiratory, that is, the capacity to breathe in. Clear? Now, how to calculate? This is important. It is asked directly in questions, in one word, true/false, or in MCQs, it can come in any way. So remember that if you add expiratory reserve volume and residual volume, you will get ERV + RV, which is 2000 ml. Okay?
[20:31]The normal range for this is around 3800 ml. Okay? It is 3800 ml. After that, functional residual volume. Now, the amount of air that is left inside you and which can function, that is, which is useful to you. That is functional residual volume. All things are hidden in the name. How to calculate? This is important. Calculate, from this formula, it is asked directly in questions, in one word, true/false, or in MCQs, it can come in any way. So remember that if you add expiratory reserve volume and residual volume, you will get ERV + RV, which is 2000 ml. Okay? And last we have total lung capacity, that is TLC. And in this you add everything, you add tidal volume, you add ERV, you add IRV and you also add residual volume, you add everything, then it comes to total lung capacity. Its amount is the highest, 6000 ml. Okay? That is, all the breath that is inside you. Whatever strength you have, put everything in it, that is total lung capacity, 6000 ml. Clear? Now, this question can also come that which capacity is not measurable? So which one will it be?
[22:30]Which one will it be? It's something to think about, भैया, you were not able to measure residual volume, then here also you will not be able to measure functional residual capacity. Okay? So this is also not measurable. Okay? The rest three you can measure with the help of spirometer. Let's go. Next question: Discuss in detail about axial and appendicular system and classify different types of joints present in human body. Look, its best, its best, you understand that the best way to write is in completely tabular form. First you make a table of axial, make a table of appendicular, make a table of joints. Done.
[23:30]Okay? Let's go. Let's start with axial first, it is asked about axial, so we will tell axial, then appendicular and then we will move on to joints. Okay? Let's go. Axial skeleton system. What is it? How many bones are there? Your skeletal system is divided into two parts, 80 and 126. 80 is axial, 126 is appendicular. Axial skeletal system includes your main axis, like this, this whole part, this whole skull, your cranium above, facial below. Okay? This forms the axis. After that, you come here, here, hyoid bone is present here. Behind the hyoid bone, on this side, is your vertebral column, where the spinal cord will be embedded. And on the front side is the rib cage. Okay? Rib cage, where ribs and sternum are present. These four things meet together and form the axial skeletal system. Let's start one by one. Look, you will have to remember the bones, but I will tell you like this. Let's start from here, this whole skull is there. Okay? Cranium plus which one? Facial. If we talk about cranium bones, it is also written. Okay? Let's go, I will tell you like this. Frontal bone is in the front. Frontal in the front. Parietal in the roof. Just below parietal is temporal. From temporal, you go to this side, behind, occipital is present here. From occipital, you come to this side, sphenoid is present here. I cannot cut and show you now, right? Understand. Here is sphenoid. In front of sphenoid, where this eye socket is, this is ethmoid. Okay? After ethmoid, there is one more thing, condyle. These condyles are present here, here, below the occipital, from where your spinal cord comes out. Sorry, vertebral column comes out. Okay? This is it. Next, we have facial bones. In facial, maxilla, mandible. Mandible has been asked in the question that there is one such single bone that is movable in the axial skeletal system. Okay? That is, the entire face, or you can say the entire skull, including cranium, facial, everything, one bone, one single bone that is movable, can move, that is mandible, present in the lower jaw. Write it down, only movable bone in the skull. In the skull. Okay?
[25:38]Only movable bone in the skull. After that, zygomatic, palatine, nasal, lacrimal, inferior nasal conchae. They forget these. Nasal conchae, that is, the back area, and vomer, it is single, the rest will be two each. Okay? Next, bone of neck, hyoid bone, I have told you, and remember that this is an independent bone. This is independent bone. Independent bone. It will earn its own money, that is, it does not depend on anyone. It does not take from anyone. Okay? It is alone, it is not connected to any bone. It has broken all relations. Hyoid bone is alone, it is a U-shaped bone. Write this also, U-shaped. Okay? Let's go. After this, let's talk about the ear. Bones are also present in the ear. You study in sense organs, malleus, incus and stapes. Stapes is the shortest bone. Shortest bone. The shortest bone in the entire body. Okay? And then last we have the entire rib cage. Okay? Vertebral column. Vertebral column has five parts: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and your coccyx. Okay?
[26:46]So, how many are there in cervical? Seven. In thoracic? 12. In lumbar? Five. In this also, five, but fused. In this, one. This is also fused. Okay? Coccyx forms your tail bone. Tail bone. Clear? And then the bones of the thorax are sternum. It will be single, single, but very important. Which you also know as chest bone. Chest bone. Okay? And then inside the ribs. Okay? I will not do all the things in detail. I am just giving you an idea that in this way you can write everything in detail there so that you can get full marks. Okay? Let's go. Ribs are divided into three parts: the initial ones are true ribs, then false ribs, and then floating ribs. Floating ribs. You will be asked in the question how many pairs of true ribs there will be. So remember, there are seven pairs. These are three pairs and these are two pairs. That is, total how many pairs will there be? 12. Okay? The total number of ribs is 12 pairs, that is, total 24 ribs. Clear? This is axial. Now in appendicular, if the name itself is appendicular, that means it must be forming appendages. Hands, feet, all these things. Four things come in this. Hands, feet, pelvic girdle and pectoral girdle. These four things form the appendicular. How many total bones are there? 126. Let's start with the pectoral girdle. Pectoral girdle is your entire region. Okay? This is the back one and that's it. There are only two things in it. Scapula, which is the shoulder blade. It is a triangular bone. Triangular. After that, second is collar bone, your bone that shows beauty, that is, the beauty bone, is called collar bone. These are also two. Bones of upper limb, hand. Now, humerus starts from here. Below that, this in front is radius, behind is ulna. Then after that, this, where the watch is worn, this region. This is carpal. From carpal, you go ahead, metacarpal and these are the phalanges. Clear? These things will be there. Now after that, next we have. Well, the phalangeal formula is sometimes asked, so you should also know that. 2 3 3 3 3. Okay? There are two in the thumb and then 3 3 3 3. Let's go. Next is pelvic girdle. Pelvic girdle is made up of only two bones. Which are called coxal bones, but there are sub-bones inside them. They are made up of three bones. Which ones? First is ischium, then ilium, then pubis. Write this down, when all three meet, they form one coxal bone. One coxal bone. Clear? And lastly, we have lower limb, that is, foot. In foot also, I will tell you like this. It starts with femur. Femur is the longest bone. So you should know this. Femur, longest bone. Then tibia, fibula, patella, tarsal, metatarsal, phalanges. The phalangeal formula will be the same there too. Just remember that patella is a sesamoid bone. Sesamoid bone. Different from all. Things, remember that the questions that are formed, such one-word, true/false, these things that are different, from there the most questions are asked. So patella, which is the kneecap, is a sesamoid bone. Clear? And the last part of this entire question is joints. Joints are basically divided into three parts. Fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial. Fibrous has no part. Cartilaginous has no part, but synovial has many types. Questions can be asked from there, so let's do that first. First we have fibrous, which is not movable at all. Completely immovable. It will not show any movement at all. Second is synovial, freely movable. These are free birds, freely movable. And last we have cartilaginous, which sometimes gets a chance to move. Okay? So these are slightly movable. Slightly movable.
[30:51]Let's go. Now, fibrous and this have no type. Synovial has many types. Let's see them once. First is ball and socket. It shows the widest range of motion. Widest range of motion, you can write it yourself. This happens. Okay? Second, hinge joint, present in patella. Third thing, pivot joint. Pivot joint. Fourth is gliding, and fifth will be saddle joint, comfortable, saddle joint. And last we have very, very, very, that means it will not show much movement. It shows movement in only two planes. Through this, gliding, sorry, condyloid and ellipsoid joint is formed. This is also its name, ellipsoid or condyloid, you can say. So these are six parts of synovial joint. Look, remember that synovial joint basically you must know, but if you write a little more, add a few things, then you will get more marks. Synovial joint is found where synovial fluid is present, where the most movement is needed. Okay? As age increases, synovial fluid decreases and joint pain starts. Let's go. Next question: Name the chambers, wall and the valves of human heart with well labelled diagram. Oh, diagram also has to be made. Let's go. Let's talk about chambers, there are four chambers, you all know. Right auricle, right ventricle, left auricle, left ventricle. Okay? There are four. You can easily discuss them. After that, if I talk about heart wall, there are four walls. First is the outermost, pericardium. Second is epicardium. Then myocardium. And then endocardium. What are these? These are walls. Okay? Your heart remains in a lot of protection. Matter of heart. Pericardium has two sub-layers. The outer one is parietal, the inner one is visceral. I will show you the diagram because it was written in it, so you have to make the diagram. You have to make it in detail. Clear? Let's go. Parietal, outer, visceral, inner. After that, epi, myo, the most important is myo because this is what causes the contraction of the heart. Contraction of heart. So this is the strongest and also very important. Okay? Look at the diagram once, zoom it. If you make this kind of diagram, then it will be good. Let's go. These are four layers. The outermost, this is pericardium. Outer parietal, inner visceral. Okay? The middle one, this, look, look, this thick layer is myocardium. I had said that it is the strongest, it is the thickest, and it does the most work. Myocardium. That means, that is protection. This, the inner one remains. Okay? This happens completely. Clear? Let's go. So there is also a space between them. You can see this? This whole, there is space between pericardium and these. Why is there space? Because pericardial fluid is filled here, which acts as a shock absorber. You can also write this. Let's go. Next is heart valves, that is, how many windows, how many doors are there in it? So basically there are two types of valves, atrioventricular, semilunar. Atrio also has two, which ones? Tricuspid and bicuspid. And in semilunar also there are two. Which ones? Aortic and pulmonary. Okay? If it is in aorta, it is aortic, if it is in pulmonary artery, it is pulmonary. Okay? This is its diagram. You can make it. Make it comfortably. Let's go. Next question: Describe the physiology of urine formation. Now, how urine is formed, you have to discuss this thing there. So urine formation is done in three steps. You should write step-wise. I have written it like this, but you should definitely do it step-wise and you have to tell everything in detail for every single thing. Okay? Let's go. Urine formation has three steps. The first will be ultrafiltration. Of what? Of blood. How will it happen? It will happen in three membranes. Which ones? I will tell you now. You all know that in renal corpuscle, this will happen. Then in renal corpuscle, Bowman's capsule, glomerulus, these are their three layers. For example, capillary endothelium of glomerulus. You should know. Then basement membrane, between the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule. And last we have podocytes, cells of Bowman's capsule. Okay?
[35:55]Okay. Then after that, in reabsorption, all three things help. Proximal convoluted tubule. Then loop of Henle. And then DCT. Maximum reabsorption happens here. Maximum reabsorption. You have to write these things in detail. Okay? I have told you like this because if I start telling in detail, it will take a lot of time, but you have to discuss everything in brief there. Okay? In secretion, the things that have to be excreted out of the body will come.
[36:29]Clear? And here also two things help, PCT and DCT. Okay? After that, collecting duct is there, its work is just to catch things and push them forward. You can write that, your work will be done. If you make the structure of nephron, it will be amazing. Let's go. Next. This is the structure of nephron, you can draw it there if you remember. It is not given in the question, but you can do it. Let's go. Next question: Write in detail about anatomy and physiology of human brain with a well labelled diagram. Work of brain, everything you know about the anatomy of brain, everything, print it there and make a diagram. Let's go. We discuss the parts of the human brain. So it is divided into three parts. Which ones? First is forebrain, then midbrain, then hindbrain. Forebrain also has three parts. What all comes in forebrain? First comes cerebrum. You have to tell cerebrum in detail, how many parts it has. Look, cerebrum also has four parts. This is frontal, this is parietal, temporal, occipital. All four things come in cerebrum. You must tell their respective functions. Okay? Let's go. Thalamus and below it is hypothalamus. You must also tell the function of thalamus and hypothalamus. Okay? It is important. Let's go. Midbrain also has three parts. First is corpora quadrigemina. Remember, we studied two things in it. Superior colliculi, inferior colliculi. Superior and inferior colliculi, so discuss this thing there, its function. One helps in vision, one helps in hearing. Second is cerebral aqueduct and last is cerebral peduncle. Okay? If I talk about hindbrain, there are also three things: cerebellum, then pons, and then medulla. Okay? So, you have to do all their functions in detail and then you have to make this kind of structure also. Look. There is an entire structure, in which all the parts are there. Cerebrum, thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pons, medulla. And then in the same way, midbrain, which is the limbic system, it is here, here. Midbrain. Okay? We have taught all things. Every single thing. Let's go. After this, our last question comes: Define pituitary gland. Enlist the hormones secreted by different regions of pituitary gland. The last question is, in which you have to tell that in this, discuss pituitary gland. Then after that, you have to tell their respective hormones, whatever parts, regions, they have. You have to tell their respective hormones. You tell pituitary gland, you tell its location, where it is located, what is its basic function. You discuss this thing there. I will directly move on to hormones. Okay? Two regions will be present in it. Which ones? The front one, anterior, which has another name. Anterior has another name. Adenohypophysis. Adenohypophysis. And second we have posterior. Okay? Which has another name. Which one? Neurohypophysis. Neurohypophysis. Let's go. Now just tell their hormones, tell one or two functions, it will be done. That's it. Let's go. Here, luteinizing hormone, that is LH, FSH. And along with this, melanocyte stimulating hormone, prolactin, then your growth hormone. So in this way, you have to write all the hormones. Total six hormones are there. Okay? These are six hormones in total. You secrete them from your pituitary gland, anterior region. And if we talk about posterior, only two hormones are secreted from here. Which ones? First is oxytocin, second is vasopressin. Remember, exception is that here it only acts as a temporary reservoir, it does not produce, it is not a factory. It is a storeroom. Okay? Here things are only stored, they are not made. Clear? So these are your best 10 MCQs of human anatomy and physiology. And according to me, everything is clear to you. You should understand and study these 10 questions as much as possible in detail. You must practice the diagrams so that there is no problem with the labeling in the exam. Okay? Now your exams are coming, so keeping that in mind, this entire class has happened. Then I hope that everything is clear to you and in the same way, we will meet in the next class. You must join the Telegram channel. The same PDF notes will be available there. Until then, stay tuned with Pharmacy India Live.
