[0:00]Hello everyone So hi this is Saurav Rana is video me hum baat karenge organic chemistry class 12th ke new chapter ke bare mein chapter ka naam hai alcohols phenols and ether is video mein hum iski revision karenge aur main sare topic iske cover karunga. Sabse pehle hum baat karenge alcohol, phenols and ether ki aur sabse pehle isme hum dekhenge alcohol and phenol. Suppose aapke paas hydrocarbon hai, ise hum represent kar sakte hai RH se. Aliphatic hydrocarbon kya hote hain jinme kya hoti hai straight chain ya branching ho sakti hai, agar aapke usne hydrogen ko aapne OH group se replace kar diya to aapka ban jata hai alcohol. Similarly, agar aapke paas aromatic hydrocarbon hai, benzene ring wale hydrocarbon hai, aur benzene ring ke hydrogen ko aapne OH se replace kar diya to use hum bolte hai phenol. Yaad rakhna alcohol aur phenol ko hum separately, inki properties different hoti hai to in dono ko separately hum study karte hai. Aur suppose agar aapke paas OH attached hai, but benzene ring ke saath directly attached nahi hai, aromatic compound hai ye, but directly attached nahi hai, so it is not directly attached to the benzene ring, to ise hum padhte hai under aromatic alcohol. Next hum baat karenge classification of alcohol ki isme hum baat karenge monohydric alcohol jisme kya hai ek OH group attached hai. Isme bhi hum padhenge compound containing carbon OH bond jo carbon hona chahiye SP3 hona chahiye. Sabse pehle hum baat karenge ROH ki jisme R kya hona chahiye R should be a alkyl group. So OH is attached to a alkyl group, theek hai. Jaise hamare paas ye hai RCH2OH ise hum primary ROH kehte hai, primary kyu kehte hai. Kyuki ye jo carbon hai ise alpha carbon kehte hai jo functional group ke saath attached hai, uske saath agar ek R group attached hai ise bolenge primary, isme dekhoge is alpha carbon ke saath do R group attached hai ye secondary aur isme kya hai teen R group attached hai ye tertiary hoga. Next allylic alcohol kya hota hai? OH is attached to SP3 carbon next to carbon carbon double bond. Jo OH hai wo single bond wale matlab SP3 carbon ke saath attached hai but ye double bond wale carbon matlab SP2 carbon ke saath attached hai to ise bolte hai hum allylic alcohol. Aur last mein benzylic alcohol kya hota hai? When OH is attached to SP3 hybridised carbon SP3 hybridised carbon ke saath OH attached hai which is next to aromatic ring, jo benzene ring ke saath juda hua hai to use bolte hai hum benzylic alcohol. Monohydric alcohol mein next type hai hamara compound containing carbon OH bond aur carbon kya hona chahiye SP2 hybridised. Isme hum baat karenge vinylic alcohol. Vinylic alcohol kya hote hai? When OH group is attached to carbon carbon double bond. Jo OH hai directly carbon carbon double bond ke saath attached hai aur SP2 carbon ke saath attached hai to ise bolte hai vinylic alcohol. Dihydric alcohol mein kya hota hai? Do OH group attached hote hai jaise ye hamara hai ethylene glycol aur trihydric alcohol mein hamara kya hoga? Teen OH group attached honge jaise ye kya hamara glycerol. Next hum baat karenge phenol ki classification sabse pehle monohydric agar ek OH group attached hai to ise bolenge monohydric phenol. To ise hum normally phenol kahenge, agar suppose ek taraf OH attached hai, ek taraf CH3 attached hai second position pe to ise bolte hai 2-methylphenol aur ortho ise cresol bhi kehte hai. Agar CH3 1-3 position pe hota to ise bolte hai metacresol, 1-4 pe hota to paracresol. Agar hamare paas do OH group attached hai to ise dihydric phenols mein hum consider karte hai jaise 1-2 position pe hai to ise bolte hai catechol. 1-3 position pe ise bolte hai resorcinol and 1-4 position pe quinol aur polyhydric ka matlab kya hai? OH do se jyada present hai to teen OH present hai 1-2-4 position pe to ise bolte hai hum hydroquinol. Next hum baat karenge nomenclature of alcohol isme hum common name and IUPAC name ki baat karenge. Sabse pehle agar teen carbon attached hai OH ke saath straight chain mein to ise hum bolte hai n-propyl alcohol aur IUPAC name ho jayega propan-1-ol. Agar teen carbon ke center carbon pe OH attached hai agar center carbon pe OH attached hai to ise bolte hai isopropyl alcohol aur propan-2-ol. Agar chaar carbon ki chain hai OH attached hai to ise bolenge n-butyl alcohol aur butan-1-ol. Agar chaar carbon ki chain hai aur second carbon pe OH attached hai to yaad rakhna ye carbon ho jata hai alpha carbon. Iske saath hamare do R group attached hai ise bolte hai hum secondary alcohol to ye ban jata hamara secondary ethyl alcohol, secondary butyl alcohol aur butan-2-ol. Agar hum iski branching kar lete hai chaar carbon ki chain ki wo side wale carbon pe OH attached karte hai to ise bolte hai isobutyl alcohol aur 2-methyl propanol. Aur agar aapne center carbon ke saath OH attached kar diya to kya hoga? Iske saath alpha carbon ke saath teen R group attached hai to ise bolte hai tertiary butyl alcohol aur 2-methyl propane-2-ol. Next hum baat karenge structure of functional group, sabse pehle hamare paas methanol hai. The bond angle is less than the tetrahedral angle, agar bond angle ki baat kare COH ki tetrahedral bond angle vo jo hamara 109.5 hota hai usse kam hai ye 108.9 hai. Aisa kyu hota hai? Kyuki lone pair of electrons jo hai wo repulsion cause karte hai as a result bond angle kya ho jata hai kam ho jata hai methanol mein. Next agar hum baat kare phenol ki, phenol mein kya hota hai carbon oxygen ka bond dekhoge hota hai 136pm, methanol mein tha 142pm. Aisa kyu hota hai? Kyuki isme bhi oxygen pe lone pair of electrons hai, ye lone pair of electrons benzene ring ke andar jate hai kehte hai plus R effect. As a result carbon oxygen ke beech mein aa jata hai partial double bond aur partial double bond hone ki wajah se bond length kya ho jati hai kam ho jati hai. Next hum baat karenge preparation of alcohol isme sabse pehle baat karenge from alkene aur isme pehle hamari reaction hai by acid catalysed hydration. Suppose aapke paas propene hai aapne water add kiya in presence of H+, hum use karenge markovnikov principle. Jo OH negative hai wo us carbon pe attach ho jayega which has less number of hydrogen wo yaha pe attach ho jayega aur hydrogen yaha pe attach ho jayega, result in formation of propene-2-ol. Theek hai? Agar hum is reaction ka mechanism ki baat kare kaafi important mechanism hai. Sabse pehle hota hai electrophilic attack of H3O+, jo water hai isme jab H+ add hota hai to hamara H3O+ hydronium ion ban jata hai. Ab ye jo H3O+ hai wo alkene suppose humne ethene liya uspe attack karta hai. Kya hota hai isme sabse pehle? Ye jo H+ hai wo kya karta hai? Ye jo electrons hai is oxygen ko de deta hai hamara water release ho jata hai. Aur ye jo H+ hai wo kyuki yaha pe double bond hai, kisi carbon pe attack karta hai aur uske electrons ye apni taraf attract kar lega. So as a result kya hoga? Ek taraf hydrogen attach ho jayega ye wala hydrogen yaha attach ho gaya aur is carbon aur is carbon ke electron yaha shift ho gaye yaha pe hamara ban gaya carbocation. Next kya hota hai? Nucleophilic attack of water on carbocation. Ab carbocation pe kya hota hai? Kyuki positive charge hai, water pe lone pair of electrons hai ye ispe attack karta hai yaha pe ye jud jayega. Oxygen is carbon pe jud jayega oxygen pe positive charge aa jayega ye species hamari ban jayegi aur last step mein kya hota hai? Deprotonation to form alcohol. Another water molecule aata hai wo kya karta hai? H+ apni taraf kheech leta hai H3O+ banata hai aur ye jo electrons hai is oxygen pe chale jate hai result in formation of ethanol. To ye tha hamara mechanism of preparation of alcohol. Next hum baat karegi reaction of alkene mein by hydroboration oxidation. Sabse pehle hum propene lenge hum isme diborane kya karte hai add karte hai hamara ban jata hai tripropyl borane. Theek hai? Tripropyl borane jo hai isko hum kya karte hai iski oxidation karte hai in presence of H2O2 OH negative and water hamara ban jata hai alcohol which is propan-1-ol plus boric acid is formed. Agar important baat dekhe isme jo addition hoti hai that is according to the anti markovnikov principle. Matlab jo OH negative hai wo us carbon pe attach ho raha hai which has more number of hydrogen to OH negative yaha pe attach ho raha hai H yaha pe attach ho jayega aur hamara ban jayega propan-1-ol. Next method of preparation of alcohol hai hamara from carbonyl compounds. Carbonyl compounds wo compounds hote hai jisme C double bond O group present hai. Sabse pehle hum baat karenge reduction of aldehyde and ketone. Reduction hum do tarike se kar sakte hai. Sabse pehle aap kya kar sakte ho aap hydrogen add kar sakte ho in presence of metal catalyst like nickel, platinum, platinum. Aur aap use kar sakte ho reducing agent sodium borohydride NaBH4 aur lithium aluminium hydride. Sabse pehle suppose aapke paas aldehyde hai aap kya kar sakte ho reduction kar sakte ho in presence of metal metal ki presence mein aap hydrogen add karoge to aapka ban jayega primary alcohol. Aur agar aap koi bhi dono mein se reducing agent loge to aapka ban jayega primary alcohol from aldehyde. Similarly agar aapne ketone kiya hua hai agar aap metal add metal ke saath hydrogen add karte ho to aapka ban jata hai secondary alcohol, reduction ho jati hai. Aur agar aapne sodium borohydride aur lithium aluminium hydride liya tab bhi aapka kya ban jayega secondary alcohol from ketone. Next hai hamara reduction of carboxylic acid and ester. Agar aapke paas carboxylic acid hai, lithium aluminium hydride aur water ke saath ye yaad rakhna banata hai hamara primary alcohol which is RCH2OH. But lithium aluminium hydride hum jyada use isliye nahi karte it is a very expensive reagent aur ye prepare karte hai isse hum kuch special chemical. To agar aapko jyada quantity mein alcohol banana hai acid se to sabse pehle aap kya karte ho acid ko kisi alcohol ke saath react karte ho in presence of acid H+ aur ye bana deta hai hamara ester. Ester ki hum karte hai catalytic hydrogenation hydrogen ko add karte hai in presence of catalyst, nickel, platinum, platinum aur iske baad kya hota hai? Iski reduction ho jati hai aapko do alcohol milte hai ek milega aapko RCH2OH aur R'OH. R'OH aapne starting mein jo use kiya tha aapko wapas mil gaya aur aapko ye alcohol mil jayega. Next hum baat karenge preparation of alcohols from Grignard reagent. Grignard reagent se hum teenon tarah ke alcohol bana sakte hai primary, secondary and tertiary. Agar aapke paas formaldehyde hai which is HCHO to aap primary alcohol banaoge, any other aapke paas aldehyde hai to secondary alcohol aur agar aapke paas ketone hai to aap banaoge tertiary alcohol. Suppose aapke paas formaldehyde hai isme kya hota hai oxygen pe delta negative charge hota hai carbon pe delta positive charge hota hai kyuki oxygen more electronegative hota hai. Similarly agar Grignard reagent liya R pe delta negative charge hoga aur magnesium pe delta positive kyuki magnesium kya hai metal hai. To kya hoga jo R hai wo is carbon ke saath jud jayega ye jo electrons hai wo is oxygen pe shift ho jayenge aur ye jo oxygen hai MgX ke saath jud jayega to hamara ye intermediate compound banega. Theek hai? Carbon ke saath R aur O ke saath MgX jud gaya. Ab water ke saath aap reaction karte ho to jo O hai water ke H+ le leta hai aur MgX OH ke saath jud jata hai to OH yaha pe aa jata hai hamara hamara banta hai primary alcohol saath mein MgOHX banta hai. Similarly agar aapne aldehyde liya hua hai to ye R kya hai? Koi other any other aldehyde R C ke saath jud jayega hamara ye intermediate compound ban jayega. O ke saath hydrogen jud jayega result information of secondary alcohol, similarly agar aapne ketone liya hua hai R C O R to R' kya hai is carbon ke saath jud jayega yaha pe teen R aa jayenge. O MgX water ke saath kya ho jayega hydrogen yaha pe jud jayega result in formation of tertiary alcohol. Next hum baat karenge preparation of phenol. Sabse pehle from haloarenes suppose aapke paas chlorobenzene hai, chlorobenzene ko NaOH 623 Kelvin aur 300 atmosphere mein jab aap react karte ho result in formation of sodium phenoxide HCl ke saath react karke hamara ban jata hai phenol. Next from benzene sulphonic acid sabse pehle benzene sulphonic acid kaise banate hai? Benzene plus oleum, oleum hota hai H2S2O7 to benzene pe SO3H group attach ho jata hai. Result in formation of benzene sulphonic acid aur similar steps hum karte hai NaOH ke saath hamara ban jayega sodium phenoxide aur HCl ke saath hamara ban jayega phenol. Third method hai hamara from diazonium salt aapke paas aniline hai, aniline ko aap NaNO2 HCl ke saath react karoge 0-5 degree Celsius pe to hamara ban jayega benzene diazonium chloride. Benzene ke saath N2+ Cl negative jud jayega aur jab aap benzene diazonium chloride ko warm karoge in presence of water aapka ban jayega phenol, nitrogen gas and water is released. Next hum baat karenge cumene ki ise hum bolte hai isopropyl benzene matlab isopropyl position pe benzene attached hai. Hum air ke saath react karte hai, air ka jo oxygen hai wo iske saath react karega, carbon ke saath single single oxygen ke do bond ban jayenge aur hamara ye compound ban jayega cumene peroxide. Jab aap acid ke saath dilute acid ke saath aap ise heat karte ho to aapke do product banenge, ek product mein kya hota hai ye jo compound hai ye separate ho jata hai CH3C double bond O CH3 ye acetone banta hai. Aur saath mein OH iske saath jud jata hai result in formation of phenol. Next hum baat karenge physical properties mein isme sabse pehle hum baat karenge boiling point. Yaad rakhna boiling point directly proportional hota hai molecular mass ke, jaise number of carbon increase honge molecular mass increase hota hai. Aur yaad rakhna vanderwaal force of attraction increase hone se boiling point increase hota hai. Aur boiling point jo hota hai inversely proportional hota hai branching ke, jaise aap jyada branching increase karoge surface area kya hota hai decrease hota hai, surface area decrease hone se boiling point decrease hota hai. Suppose aapne alcohol aur phenol liya hai, ise hum compare karenge hydrocarbon ether ya haloalkane haloarene of comparable molecular mass ke. To yaad rakhna alcohol aur phenol ka jo boiling point hota hai wo hamesha jyada aata hai as compared to them. Aisa kyu hota hai? Kyuki they can form intermolecular hydrogen bond. Alcohol khud ke saath combine ho sakta hai, phenol khud ke saath combine ho sakta hai hydrogen bond se as a result boiling point inka increase ho jata hai. Agar next baat karenge hum solubility ki, alcohol and phenol jo hai wo water mein soluble hai. Isliye soluble hai kyuki water ke saath bana sakte hai hydrogen bond. Yaad rakhna solubility decrease hoti hai agar aap R group ka alkyl group aur aryl group ka size increase karoge solubility decrease hoti hai kyuki jo ye alkyl group hota hai ye hydrophobic part hota hai. As a result solubility will decrease. Next hum baat karenge chemical reactions of alcohols and phenols, sabse pehle reaction involving cleavage of OH bond. OH bond kya hota hai break ho jata hai isme sabse pehle hum padhenge acidity of alcohol and phenol. Alcohol aur phenol jo hai wo metal ke saath react kar sakte hai sodium, potassium, aluminium ke saath as a result wo kya bana dega? Jo alcohol hai wo alkoxide bana dega aur phenol bana dega phenoxide plus hydrogen gas is released. To yaad rakhna jo acid hai wo metal ke saath react karke bana sakte hai salt plus hydrogen gas to tabhi hum bol rahe hai iski acidity. Suppose aapke paas methanol hai sodium ke saath react kiya hamara ban jata hai sodium methoxide plus hydrogen gas is released. Similarly jo phenol hai agar sodium ke saath react karoge to hamara ban jayega sodium phenoxide plus hydrogen gas is released. Ab jo phenol hai wo aqueous NaOH ke saath alkali ke saath bhi react kar sakta hai to phenol alkali ke saath react karke bana dega sodium phenoxide plus water. To ye hamara ho jata hai acid plus base result in formation of salt plus water aur ye reaction sirf phenol deta hai. Next hum baat karenge acidity of alcohols. Yaad rakhna alcohol ki acidity hoti hai because of polarity of OH bond, oxygen kya hota hai electronegative hota hai to us pe aa jata hai delta negative charge, hydrogen mein delta positive charge. Aur jitna jyada polarity hota hai utna jyada acidic strength kya hota hai increase hota hai. Ab yaad rakhna alcohol mein hamara R group attached hota hai which is electron donating group aur ye kya karta hai electron donate karta hai towards the carbon. Carbon se electrons jo hai wo oxygen ki taraf move karte hai so as a result overall it increases electron density on the oxygen. Oxygen pe electron density increase hoti hai aur as a result kya hota hai? Polarity decrease ho jati hai aur agar polarity decrease hoti hai to acidic strength bhi kya hoti hai decrease hoti hai. Agar hum primary, secondary, tertiary mein baat karenge tertiary teen jagah se electron donate kar raha hai to electron density sabse jyada ye increase karega aur polarity ye sabse jyada decrease karega. So as a result primary is most acidic. Next agar hum baat kare water ko agar hum alcohol se compare kare to water is more acidic as compared to alcohol. Aisa kyu hota hai? Kyuki water mein sirf hydrogen hai koi electron donating group present nahi hai to polarity water mein jyada hoti hai as compared to alcohol. Next hum baat karenge acidity of phenols. Jo phenols hote hai wo alcohol se jyada acidic hote hai. Suppose aapke paas alcohol hai isme jo carbon hota hai wo hota hai SP3 carbon aur phenol mein hota hai SP2 carbon. SP3 carbon jo hota hai isme S character kya hota hai kam hota hai 25% as a result ye less electronegative hota hai. Aur isme S character jyada hota hai 33% to jitna jyada S character hota hai utna jyada electronegative carbon hota hai wo utna jyada electron apni taraf kheenchta hai. Electron apni taraf kheenchnne se kya hota hai? Oxygen ki electron density kya hoti hai decrease hoti hai, polarity increase hoti hai OH bond ki aur acidic strength kya hoti hai increase hoti hai. Next hum baat karenge stability of the anion. Agar humne alcohol mein se H remove kar diya to hamara kya ban jata hai alkoxide. Forward reaction mein alkoxide ban jayega, similarly agar phenol mein se aapne H remove kar diya to aapka ban jata hai phenoxide. Jitni jyada ions stable hogi utni reaction forward direction mein jayegi aur utna easily kya hoga hydrogen release ho jayega. To alkoxide mein kya hota hai jo negative charge hai it is localized sirf is oxygen pe negative charge present hai. So as a result alkoxide utne jyada stable nahi hote but phenoxide mein kya hota hai? Ye jo negative charge hai wo benzene ring ke andar move karta hai. Ise bolte hai delocalization aur ye hota hai because of resonance. Resonance ki wajah se phenoxide ions jyada stable hoti hai, reaction forward direction mein jata hai aur ye jyada acidic hota hai. Next hum baat karenge acidity of substituted phenol. Suppose aapne phenol mein substitution kiya electron withdrawing group ka. Phenol ke saath aapne NO2 attached kiya jo NO2 hai wo kya hai? Electron withdrawing group hai. Electron withdraw karne ki wajah se yaad rakhna OH ki jo polarity hai wo kya ho jayegi increase ho jayegi aur acidic strength increase ho jayegi. To electron withdrawing group ki substitution se yaad rakhna acidic strength kya hoti hai increase hoti hai. Similarly electron donating jo group hai wo electron donate karega, polarity of OH bond polarity ki kya karega decrease karega kyuki electron donate kar raha hai aur acidic strength kya ho jayegi decrease ho jayegi. To agar electron donating group present hai to overall acidic strength kya ho jati hai decrease ho jati hai. Next reaction hai hamari esterification. Alcohol aur jo phenol hai wo react kar sakte hai carboxylic acid, acid chloride aur acid anhydride ke saath ye banate hai hamare ester, theek hai. Suppose aapne kya liya hua hai carboxylic acid liya alcohol ke saath react karoge in presence of acid to aapka ban jayega RCOOR' which is ester plus water is released. Aap is reaction mein kya karoge water ko remove kar doge. Water ko remove kar doge to one of the product concentration will decrease, reaction forward direction mein jayega aur ester ki concentration increase ho jayegi. Next alcohol ko aap react kar sakte ho acid anhydride ke saath again in presence of acid aapka ban jayega ester RCOOR' aur saath mein aapka acid will be formed. Next agar humne alcohol ko acid chloride ke saath react kiya hum ye reaction karte hai in presence of pyridine. Pyridine ek base hai hamara ban jayega ester plus HCl is released, ye pyridine kya karta hai? Ye HCl ke saath react kar leta hai kyuki base acid ke saath react karke neutralization reaction karega HCl ka concentration decrease hoga aur reaction forward direction mein jayega. Next hum baat karenge acylation. Acylation mein kya hota hai? Introduction of acetyl group CH3CO group hum kisi ke saath jodte hai to use bolte hai hum acylation. Suppose yaha pe hamara kya hai salicylic acid ortho hydroxy benzoic acid bhi kehte hai ise. Humne ise react kiya hai acetic anhydride ke saath in presence of acid. Theek hai? Ab kya hoga CH3CO jo group hai wo OH ke saath react karega ye CH3CO group yaha pe attach ho jayega OH ke saath react karke esterification wali reaction ho jayegi. Aur saath mein COOH yaha pe attached hai aur ye jo hamara compound ban jayega ise hum bolte hai acetylsalicylic acid plus CH3COOH is formed aur ye jo acetylsalicylic acid hai isse aspirin jo medicine ke liye use hota hai.
[24:15]Next hum baat karenge catalytic dehydrogenation. Suppose aapke paas primary alcohol hai aapne copper at 573 pe kya kiya hai Kelvin pe isko heat kiya hai to hydrogen kya hota hai remove ho jata hai result in formation of aldehyde. Similarly agar aapke paas secondary alcohol hai to kya banta hai hamara copper at 573 hume ketone de deta hai. But in case of tertiary alcohol, tertiary alcohol mein hydrogen release nahi hota agar copper 573 mein agar aap heat karte ho to yaad rakhna isme dehydrogenation hota hai aur saath mein aapka ban jata hai alkene. Next hum baat karenge reactions of phenols. Reactions of phenols mein hum baat karenge electrophilic aromatic substitution. Phenol mein kya hota hai oxygen pe lone pair of electrons hai ye jo electron hai benzene ring ke andar move karta hai. Benzene ring ke andar move karne se yaad rakhna ye show karta hai plus R effect aur electron ki density ortho aur para position pe increase ho jati hai. So as a result jo electrophile hai wo ortho para position pe attack karta hai to hum ise bolte hai phenol ko ortho para directing. Sabse pehle hum baat karenge nitration ki nitration hum karenge suppose aapke paas dilute HNO3 hai at low temperature which is 298 Kelvin. To yaad rakhna mono substitution ho jayega, NO2 attach ho jayega hamara ortho position pe result in formation of ortho nitrophenol aur para position pe para nitrophenol. Agar aapne liya concentrated HNO3 to tri substitution ho jayega. Jo NO2 hai wo ortho aur para teenon jagah attach ho jayega result in formation of 2-4-6 trinitrophenol which is also called as picric acid. Ab important kya cheez hai? Jo ortho nitrophenol hai and para nitrophenol hai ise hum kya kar sakte hai distillation kar sakte hai. Matlab on the basis of boiling point inhe separate kar sakte hai, aise kaise kar sakte hai? Kyuki agar aap dekhoge orthonitrophenol ye steam volatile hota hai. Matlab kya ki khud ke saath kya banata hai? Iska NO ka oxygen aur OH ka hydrogen khud mein hydrogen bond banata hai. So they form intra molecular hydrogen bond to ye jo molecules hai wo separate rehte hai inka boiling point kya hota hai kam hota hai to easily kya hota hai ye volatile hota hai steam volatile. Whereas para nitrophenol mein kya hota hai ye aapas mein hydrogen bonding banate hai, hydrogen bonding se intermolecular hydrogen bonding hoti hai. So inka bond break karna difficult hota hai so iska boiling point kya hota hai high hota hai so on the basis of boiling point aap ortho para ortho and para nitrophenol ko separate kar sakte ho. Next hum baat karenge halogenation ki halogenation mein hum baat karenge bromination. Suppose aapne bromine liya with low polarity solvent jiski polarity kam hai carbon CHCl3 means chloroform aur CS2 carbon disulphide. Agar aapne dono ki presence mein bromine add kiya to yaad rakhna bromine ki ho jati hai mono substitution ye add ho jata hai ortho para position pe result in formation of ortho bromophenol aur para bromophenol. Yaad rakhna jo ortho hota hai minor banta hai aur para major banta hai. Similarly agar aapne bromine water mein liya hota hai use bolte hai hum bromine water to kya hota hai? Jo bromine hai wo attach ho jata hai hamara dono ortho aur para position pe. Result in formation of 2-4-6 trinitrophenol aur hamara banta hai white precipitate. Agar hum baat kare ye jo reaction hai ye reaction hoti hai in absence of Lewis acid. Jo bromine hai wo polarize ho jata hai matlab bromine se aapko Br+ mil jata hai in absence of Lewis acid. Aisa kyu hota hai? Kyuki highly activating effect of OH. Jo OH hai wo itna jyada electron density ortho para position pe increase kar dete hai use bolte hai hum activating effect, uski wajah se kya hota hai? Jo bromine hai wo khud hi kya ho jata hai polarize ho jata hai. Next hamari important reaction hai Kolbe's reaction. Phenol ko aap NaOH ke saath react karte ho aapka banta hai sodium phenoxide CO2 aur H+ ke saath yaad rakhna CO2 kya hota hai? Ortho position pe attach ho jata hai aur hamara banta hai 2-hydroxy benzoic acid or also called as salicylic acid. Ab yaad rakhna phenoxide under electrophilic substitution humne phenol ko pehle phenoxide mein convert kiya uske baad humne CO2 attach kiya, aisa kyu kiya? Kyuki CO2 is a weak electrophile. Weak electrophile hai aur jo phenoxide hai wo phenol se jyada kya hota hai activating hota hai matlab jo phenoxide hai wo electron ki jo density hai wo ortho pe jyada increase karta hai so as a result jo reaction hai easily ho jata hai. Next hum baat karenge Reimer-Tiemann reaction ki. Isme humne kya liya phenol liya in presence of chloroform and NaOH to yaad rakhna hamara CHCl2 ortho position pe attach ho jata hai NaOH ki presence mein hamara ban jata hai phenoxide. Intermediate bana ab NaOH ke saath aap react karte ho to yaad rakhna yaha pe ONa yaha pe ban jata hai hamara aldehyde CHO aur H+ ki presence mein Na ki jagah kya hota hai OH aa jata hai yaha pe aur CHO. Ise hum bolte hai ortho hydroxy benzaldehyde aur also called as salicylaldehyde. Next reaction hamari reaction with zinc dust. Phenol ko jab aap zinc dust ke saath react karte ho to yaad rakhna aapko benzene mil jata hai plus ZnO. Next hum baat karenge oxidation ki phenol ki agar aap oxidation karte ho Na2Cr2O7 and H2SO4 ki to hume mil jata hai benzoquinone. Next hum baat karenge kuch commercially important alcohol ki sabse pehle hum baat karenge methanol ki. Methanol ko hum wood spirit bhi kehte hai kyuki ye banta hai destructive distillation of wood se, agar hum ise prepare karna chahe to hum carbon monoxide, hydrogen. In presence of ZnO, Cr2O3 pressure hoga 200 to 300 aur temperature hoga 573 to 673 Kelvin hamara methanol ban jayega. Jo methanol hota hai wo kya hota hai colourless hota hai boiling point hota hai 337 Kelvin aur it is very highly poisonous. Ingestion of small quantity, small quantity agar kisi ne le liya hai to usko kya ho sakta hai? Blindness ho sakta hai aur large quantity can be very fatal, death ho sakti hai person ki. Agar hum uses ki baat kare it is used as a solvent, paint ke solvent ke liye use hota hai manufacture of formaldehyde. Next hum baat karenge ethanol ki, ethanol jo hai wo banta hai by fermentation fermentation of sugar, ye fermentation ek anaerobic process hai. Isme suppose aapne sucrose liya water ke saath react kiya enzyme lagta hai invertase hame glucose aur fructose mil jayega, theek hai. Glucose aur fructose ko aap zymase ke saath react kar sakte ho, ye jo zymase hai ye hamara fermentation karta hai result in formation of ethanol plus CO2. Ab yaad rakhna ye colourless hota hai boiling point hota hai 351 Kelvin aur it is harmful for our central nervous system. Uses it is used in a paint industry solvent ki tarah aur wine making mein bhi useful hota hai aur hum chahte hai jo commercial alcohol hai usko unfit for drinking karne ke liye hum kya karte hai? Commercial alcohol ko unfit for drinking ke liye hum copper sulphate add karte hai jo usko colour deta hai aur pyridine add karte hai, pyridine deta hai usko foul smell aur is alcohol ko bolte hai hum denatured alcohol. Next hum baat karenge ether ki, ether kya hota hai? Substitution of hydrogen atom of hydrocarbon by OR group. Suppose aapke paas hydrocarbon hai RH isme aapne hydrogen ko OR group se replace kar diya to hamara ban jata hai ether. Is classification mein hum baat karenge sabse pehle simple or symmetrical ether. Simple or symmetrical ether kya hote hai? Jab same alkyl or aryl group are attached to the oxygen atom. Suppose hamare paas oxygen atom hai isme CH3 CH3 group attached hai, iska common name kya hoga? Do methyl group attached hai to ise bolenge dimethyl ether. Similarly do benzene attached hai kiske saath oxygen ke saath aur yaad rakhna jab benzene ko substituent ke naam pe likhte hai common name mein to likhte hai diphenyl ether use phenyl likhte hai. Next hamara hai mixed or unsymmetrical ether isme kya hota hai different alkyl or aryl group kya hote hai attached hote hai oxygen atom mein. Suppose oxygen ke saath benzene aur CH3 attached hai to dono hamare substituent different hai to hum inka naam alphabetical order mein likhenge pehle aayega methyl fir phenyl ether. Similarly hamare paas ethyl aur methyl hai to iska naam ho jayega ethyl methyl ether. Next hum baat karenge nomenclature ki. Suppose hume dono group same diye hue hai to IUPAC name kya hoga? To ek ko hum oxy laga dete hai ye ho jayega jaise ethoxy aur dusre ko likh denge ethane. Agar dono group different hai to isme less number of carbon hai uske saath aap oxy laga doge to ye ho jayega methoxy ethane. Similarly ye kya ho jayega hamara IUPAC name methoxy benzene, methoxy benzene ko hum anisole bhi kehte hai. Theek hai? Next agar hum baat kare structure ki structure mein kya hota hai? Bond angle is greater than the tetrahedral angle. Tetrahedral angle hota hai 109.5 but isme kya hota hai? Jo CH3 CH3 group hai wo kya hai bulky group hai aur inke beech mein kya ho jati hai repulsion ho jati hai. Dono mein kya hota hai? They are electron rich group, repulsion hone ki wajah se bond angle increase ho jata hai so this is the structure of ether. Next hum baat karenge preparation of ether. Sabse pehle method hai by dehydration of alcohol. Suppose aapne ethanol liya hua hai concentrated H2SO4 mein 413 Kelvin mein jab aap isko heat karte ho to aapka ban jayega ethoxy ethane and water aur ye follow karta hai mechanism SN2 mechanism. Mechanism ki baat karenge sabse pehle isme step one dekhhenge sabse pehle kya hota hai protonation of alcohol. Jo alcohol hai uske oxygen pe kya hota hai lone pair of electrons to ye kya karta hai H+ ko accept kar leta hai aur hamara banta hai ye oxygen pe positive charge aa jata hai ise bolte hai hum protonated alcohol. Second step kya hai? Attack of alcohol on protonated alcohol to alcohol ka ek molecule kya karega? Protonated alcohol pe attack karega. Ye oxygen ke jo lone pair of electrons hai ye carbon pe attack karenge aur ye jo bond hai iske electrons is oxygen pe shift ho jayenge ye SN2 mechanism se ho raha hai. Iska matlab kya hai? Ek taraf se nucleophile yaha pe attach ho raha hai dusra nucleophile remove ho raha hai pehla water nucleophile remove ho raha hai aur ye iske saath jud jayega aur yaha pe aa jayega hamara oxygen pe positive charge. Aur last step mein kya hota hai loss of proton, oxygen pe positive charge hai hydrogen apne electrons apne de ke H+ kya ho jayega remove ho jayega. To initial jo humne liya tha H+ wapas mil gaya aur yaha pe ban jayega hamara ethene. Ab ye jo reaction hai ye sirf primary alcohol dete hai. Agar aap secondary aur tertiary alcohol loge to wo elimination reaction show karte hai aur uski wajah se aapka ban jayega alkene. Second method of preparation of ether hai hamara Williamson synthesis, it is very important reaction. Isme kya kar sakte ho aap symmetrical and unsymmetrical ether aap dono prepare kar sakte ho. Alkyl halide ko hum react karte hai sodium alkoxide ke saath jo ether banata hai so RX alkyl halide hai R O Na ke saath which is sodium alkoxide ke saath aap react karte ho aapka ROR banta hai and NAX banta hai. Ab is reaction mein yaad rakhna aap hamesha lete ho primary alkyl halide. Agar aap primary alkyl halide lete ho tabhi hamara SN2 attack by nucleophile hota hai tabhi hamara ether banega. Suppose humne kya liya alkyl halide which is CH3Br humne liya ye to primary hai, hum kya kar sakte hai jo alkoxide hai aap primary, secondary, tertiary kuch bhi le sakte ho. Humne yaha pe tertiary le liya sodium tertiary butoxide. Ab kya hoga? Suppose ye jab O attack karega to iske paas koi jagah nahi hai ki wo carbon ke saath jud paye kyuki har jagah se yaha CH3 CH3 CH3 Br ye electron rich group hai jo O ko kya kar denge repel karenge. As a result jo O hoga wo kya karega? Kisi carbon ka hydrogen accept kar lega, ye kya karega as a base kaam karega bana lega CH3OH.
[35:27]To jaise hi H+ isne remove kar liya as a result kya ho jayega? Hamara elimination reaction ho jayega aur elimination reaction se hamara ban jayega alkene which is 2-methyl propene.
[35:59]To yaad rakhna ye reaction sirf primary alkyl halide dete hai. Next agar aapne kya liya hua hai? Phenol liya hua hai NaOH ke saath react karte ho to sodium phenoxide banta hai. Ab ye jo phenoxide ka oxygen hai wo kya karega R pe attack karega ye primary alkyl halide hoga hamara bana dega ye ether. Next hum baat karenge physical properties of ether ki. Sabse pehle they are gases at room temperature aur yaad rakhna iska structure bend hota hai to CO jo bond hota hai ether mein wo kya hota hai polar hota hai. Boiling point ki baat karegi iski polarity is very weak so iska boiling point is lower than alcohol. Alcohol mein hydrogen bonding hoti hai as a result kya hota hai iska boiling point kam hota hai aur agar hum baat kare solubility ki they are soluble in water because of formation of hydrogen bond. To water ke saath ether kya bana sakta hai hydrogen bond so that's why it is soluble in water. Next hum baat karenge chemical reaction of ether isme hum baat karenge reaction involving cleavage of CO bond. Suppose aapke paas ether hai aapne hydrogen halide ke saath react kiya to aapka ban jayega ek R combine ho jayega OH bana dega ROH aur ek bana dega hamara alkyl halide. Order of reactivity mein sabse jyada HI reactiv hoga aur sabse kam HCl kyuki HI ka bond easily break ho sakta hai. Agar hum baat kare in case of mixed ether to hum dekhenge konsa R group alcohol banayega aur konsa R group alkyl halide banayega ye hum kaise pata karenge? Suppose aapke paas primary aur secondary R group present hai ether mein theek hai. To jo small R group hoga wo kya banayega alkyl halide according to SN2 reaction. Suppose aapke paas kya hai? Ether hai jaha pe ek taraf methyl ek taraf ethyl group hai to HI ka jo I negative hai wo us jagah pe attack karega jaha pe steric hindrance kam hai according to SN2 reaction. Steric hindrance kam hai CH3 pe to I yaha pe attack karega O hydrogen ke saath jud jayega hume banega CH3I CH3OH. Similarly aapne yaha pe secondary group dala primary group dala hai again hum SN2 reaction mein jaha steric hindrance kam hai I waha pe attack karega is CH3 pe hamara banega CH3I aur H iske saath jud ke bana dega isopropyl alcohol. Next hum baat karenge agar one of the R group is tertiary. Suppose agla R ek R group kya hai tertiary hai then tertiary alkyl halide is formed tab hum follow karte hai SN1 mechanism kyuki SN1 mechanism mein jo tertiary carbocation banta hai wo kya hota hai stable hota hai. To ye do step mein hota hai isme suppose ek taraf aapne primary liya ek taraf tertiary alkyl halide liya hai to sabse pehle isme kya hota hai H jud jata hai. H jud jata hai aur ye kya karta hai jo electrons hai wo H yaha pe oxygen pe chale shift ho jate hai hamara ban jata hai methylo aur aapka ban jata hai carbocation, carbocation pe jo hai I attack karta hai result in formation of alkyl halide. To ye yaad rakhna primary, secondary jab hota hai to aap jisme R group small hota hai waha pe alkyl halide banta hai aur agar tertiary hai to tertiary alkyl halide is formed. Next suppose aapke paas kya hai? Anisole hai, anisole ko aap HI ke saath react karte ho to hamesha kya hota hai jo I hai wo CH3 ke saath combine kar jata hai result in formation of CH3I aur hamara banta hai phenol. Aisa kyu hota hai ki hamara O CH3 bond break hota hai? Kyuki ye bond kya hota hai weak hota hai to I easily kya kar sakta hai CH3 ke saath attach kar sakta hai. But I kabhi bhi phenyl group ke saath attached isliye nahi kar sakta kyuki jo O aur C6H5 ka jo ye bond hai is carbon ka wo kya hai sabse pehle to SP2 carbon hai aur isme kya hota hai resonance hota hai. Resonance hone ki vajah se yaad rakhna isme aa jata hai partial double bond character. Carbon aur oxygen mein partial double bond character hone ki vajah se ye bond break nahi hota aur aapka hamesha kya banta hai phenol plus CH3I. Next hum baat karenge electrophilic substitution reaction ki to agar aapke paas kya hai? Benzene O R attached hai isme ether hai to isme kya ho jayega jo electrons hai benzene ring ke andar move karenge. Ye plus R effect show karega plus R effect ki wajah se jo electron density hai wo ortho para position pe kya ho jayegi increase ho jayegi. So as a result jo electrophile hai wo ortho para position pe attack karega. Electrophilic substitution mein pehli reaction hai halogenation. Suppose aapke paas anisole hai bromine in presence of ethanoic acid to Br+ attach ho jata hai ortho para position pe hamara banega para bromoanisole ortho bromoanisole. Aur yaad rakhna jo para hota hai hamesha wo major quantity mein banta hai. Similarly agar hum Friedel-Craft reaction lenge isse bolte hai hum alkylation sabse pehle aapne anisole liya hua hai CH3Cl and hydrous AlCl3 ke saath aap react karte ho to jo CH3+ hai wo ortho para position pe attach ho jayega. Aapka banega 2-methoxy toluene or 4-methoxy toluene. Similarly acylation mein kya hota hai hum again anisole lenge CH3COCl jo CH3CO+ hai wo kya karega ortho para position pe attach ho jayega. Hamara banega 2-methoxy acetophenone or 4-methoxy acetophenone aur yaad rakhna para major quantity mein banega. Aur last hai hamara nitration aap nitrating mixture le sakte ho HNO3 H2SO4 to NO2 attach ho jayega ortho para position pe hamara banega 2-nitroanisole aur 4-nitroanisole. I hope aapko alcohol, phenol, ether samajh aaya ho. Baki chapters ke maine similar videos banaye hai description pe link hai aap check kar sakte ho so see you in the next video bye.
