[0:00]Chapter fifth ka C part shuru kar rahe hain ab hum sociology ka. Toh total char part hain A, B, C, D. A aur B khatam ho gaye hain theories saari khatam hai C part shuru karenge aaj dimensions of stratification. Ki stratification kis kis tarah se ho sakti hai samaj kis kis tarah se divided ho sakta hai.
[0:18]Isme bahut saari cheezein di hain aapko class, caste, race, ethnicity, gender. Toh sabse pehle shuru karenge class. Toh ek tarah se abhi tak humne jo padha hai and thodi si aur main aapko additions de raha hun ki class mein agar aapko sawal aaye ki class ke basis pe samaj kaise banta hai, kaun se kaun se viewpoints aapko drop karne hain. Toh bahut hi ek ye total holistic se lecture hai uske liye class ke basis par.
[0:41]Sabse pehle toh aap bologe class hoti kya hai class bataoge aap. Theek hai, class ki aapne ek primary si conception deni hai ki aapne bolna hai ki aisa nahi hai ki Marx, Weber ne aake pehli baar class ke baare mein bataya mujhe. Iske pehle bhi Aristotle iske baare mein baat kar chuka hai ki teen tarah ki classes hoti hain samaj mein upper, middle and poor.
[0:56]Theek hai bas ek chhota sa introduction dene ke liye. And then uske baad aapne ek aur baat batani hai ki St. Simon ne lekin ye pehli baar sociology mein term use ki hai estates ke baare mein baat karne ke liye.
[1:07]Aapko yaad hoga French Revolution mein humne padha tha ki teen estate hoti hain samaj mein. Teen estate agar ye nahi padha aapne jaake FR ka dekh sakte hain video industrial sorry usmein apne World History mein ke playlist mein padha hua hai. Estates kya hoti hain wahan pe St. Simon ne pehli baar estate ko batane ke liye term class use ki thi. Aage ab hamare paas ek important cheez yahan pe kya aa rahi hai?
[1:27]Lekin class ke kuch characteristics hain jo class ke characteristic kya hote hain jo across the thinkers dekhte hain woh chalte hain. Jaise pehla ki vertical order ki baat ho rahi hai ki upper class, middle class, lower class koi vertical kisi order ki baat ho rahi hai theek hai ji. Uske baad jo humne ek aur cheez kya dekhi ki permanent class interest hai jaise jo upper class hogi woh apne baare mein soch rahi hai.
[1:53]Middle class apne baare mein soch rahi hai. Lower class apne baare mein soch rahi hai ki permanent class interest hain jo bhi member of classes hain woh apne apne baare mein hi sochte hain. Theek hai ji. Ab aage se ek important term aayegi ki ki class consciousness ka idea rehta hai. Consciousness matlab ki vichar ki bhai ye haan meri class hai aur main sab ikhatte hain ismein. Solidarity iske karan aani shuru ho jati hai.
[2:14]Theek hai ye baat important rakhna hai aapne ki ki class interest rehte hain aur theek hai ji among the members of the classes. And aage isiliye therefore thus class endorses to the idea of social distance and class distinctions get expressed in form of social inequalities and social boundaries.
[2:33]Iska matlab kya hua social boundaries ban jaati hain. Ye upper class middle class lower class aapas mein inke boundaries rahengi boundaries hongi. Ye apne apne aap ko thoda thoda distance pe maintain rakhenge ek doosre se ye middle lower se door rahega upper middle ko door rakhega. Toh is tarah se social distance banna shuru ho jata hai. Aap ye shaharon mein witness karte ho. Shahar mein jahan pe kuch ameer hai ameer wahin rehte hain.
[2:54]Middle class kahin aur rehti hai. Theek hai accordingly lower class ke liye alag kahin bana diya gaya hai then slums wagaira exist karte hain toh social boundaries toh exist karti hi karti hain and accordingly distances banne shuru ho jate hain. Aage ab hum various definition dekhenge sabse pehle aati hai Marx ki definition aap pehle padh chuke hain main bas quickly revise kara raha hun ki jo means of production mein jo relation aap share karte ho. Means of production ke agar owner ho toh aap bourgeoisie kehlate ho. Means of production mein agar aap worker ho toh proletariat kehlate ho. Theek hai ji owner and worker.
[3:23]Uske baad lekin Marx ek baat maintain kya rakhega ki across history dekhen agar hum across history malikon mein aur workers mein hamesha hi antagonistic relation raha ki aapas mein hamesha bhidte bhidte hi rahe. Theek hai ji Marx aise manta hai class bhidti hain aapas mein. Weber thoda alag tarah se manta hai Weber ka humne abhi Marx ka bhi previous video kiya hai abhi.
[3:42]Toh Weber bolta hai ki market place ka function hai market place ka. Ho sakta hai ki ek worker jo ki white collar worker ho ek worker ek kisi aur bourgeoisie se better placed ho. Theek hai market place toh theek hai yahan pe kya dekhte hain relationship with MOP ye dekhta hai relationship with market ki market place mein kya kisi insan ki wahan par function hai.
[4:06]Ki agar let's say agar koi wahan par IIM Ahmedabad ka koi pass out hai graduate hai ho sakta hai kisi kisi chhote mote businessman se zyada paise kamata ho toh market function ki baat karta hai Weber.
[4:17]Lekin baat toh woh bhi economic ke terms mein hi karta hai and Marx ko defy karta hai ki self consciousness wagaira aise kuch nahi hoti workers mein theek hai ji toh ye Marx ko define karega Weber humne define karega and uske baad ye skills capacity ke basis pe humne previous video mein cover kar liya hai market situation char tarah ki baat batayega ki propertied upper class.
[4:34]Then property less white collar workers, petty bourgeoisie and then manual working class jo ki humne dekha shrink ho jayegi theek hai. Yahan tak toh humne previous video mein cover kiya hai. Ralf Dahrendorf ka naya idea aaya hai class ke upar toh ye sunn lo ki classes will become more and more heterogeneous with time and working class will get further divided into unskilled semi-skilled and skilled. Theek hai ji working class divide ho jayegi woh keh raha hai isiliye Ralf Dahrendorf Marx ka criticism kya karta hai ki class bahut zyada tootne wali hai.
[5:21]Jabki Marx kya keh raha tha ki class polarize ho jayengi yaad hai na ye wala polarize ho jayengi and ye aise jabki Dahrendorf keh raha hai nahi ye aage toot jayengi ye aage toot jayengi sab kuch tootna rahega theek hai ji Dahrendorf aise bol raha hai. Then Anthony Giddens ye apni teen classes lekar aayega teen classes.
[5:40]Woh keh raha hai upper jinke paas means of production ke jo malik hain and then middle jinke paas technical education wagaira technical skills hain and then come lower jo manual labour karte hain abhi bhi. Toh upper middle lower Anthony Giddens bahut simple humesha Anthony Giddens ka jab bhi aap padhoge toh Anthony Giddens har baar cheezon ko simplify karne laga hua hai.
[5:59]Theek hai ji isiliye woh British government ka advisor bhi raha bahut der. Aap inki book padho Anthony Giddens ki bahut hi mazedar kitab hai agar sociology optional kisi ka nahi bhi hai tab bhi aap usko gift kar sakte hain very very interesting book to read. Okay, aage Frank Parkin. Frank Parkin bhi ek important Marxist thinker hi rahe lekin ye bol rahe hain ki middle class ka koi jung nahi lad rahi upper aur lower class.
[6:15]Kehte middle class apni jagah par khush hai Frank Parkin aise mante hain middle class apni jagah khush hai na usko upper mein jaana na lower mein jaana hai. Isiliye middle class kehte hain ki Marx ko galat prove karegi aur upper aur middle ko bhidne se bachayegi. Isiliye ye kya karte hain buffer ke jaise act karti hai polarization ke against kaam karti hai buffer hai Frank Parkin ka idea of buffer middle class yaad rakhna.
[6:44]Theek hai ji Pierre Bourdieu is back. Theek hai ji Pierre Bourdieu keh rahe hain ki bhai stratification zaroori nahi hai vertical ho stratification horizontal bhi ho sakti hai dekho kaise chamatkari baat hai. Woh keh rahe hain ki different capitals hote hain samaj mein different capitals teen tarah ke capital ki baat karega Pierre Bourdieu.
[6:59]Ye yaad rakhna theek hai teen tarah ke capital capital matlab poonji sirf economic poonji poonji nahi hai jo aapne dosti yaari kamayi hai woh bhi ek tarah ki capital hai kaun si dekhen. Woh keh raha hai jiske paas economic capital hai usko industrial capitalist kaha gaya. Bahut badhiya. Jiske paas cultural capital hai woh knowledge capitalist kehlaye.
[7:24]Theek hai ji jo ki jaante the particular culture mein us culture ke baare mein. IT culture ke agar aap member ho IT ke baare mein jaante ho toh aap IT ke knowledge ke gyata ho jate ho. Agar aap let's say mandir gurudwaron masjodon mein ghumte ho uske baare mein jaante ho toh accordingly us tarah ke knowledge ki capitalist ho jate ho uske dhani ho jate ho.
[7:37]Simple hai dhan dhan ki baat kar raha hai dhan can be education can be economic and it can be symbolic ki aapki samaj mein bahut zyada izzat hai pooch pooch jo bhi hai and accordingly aap power capture kar sakte ho. Power capture kar sakte ho aapko votes mil jayengi as simple as this.
[7:56]Toh symbolic capital ki baat karta hai woh theek hai woh power wield karenge and accordingly votes kamayenge. Toh teeno overlap bhi kar sakte hain kisi ke paas economic cultural symbolic teeno ikhatte ho lekin woh bol raha hai teen tarah se log parallelly same level pe exist karte hain. Aisa nahi hai aise aise aise upar niche hai parallel hain ye theek hai ji horizontal inka idea hai stratification ka. Ab.
[8:16]Aage Warner ke baare mein aap baat kar chuke ho Yankee City mein reputational approach ki baat ki thi inhone informant ye humne kiya hua hai alag se informant hota hai jo aapko batayega ki is bande ke baare mein main kya sochta hun accordingly main discuss nahi kar raha hun isko itna theek hai various ye viewpoints hain please note karte chalo bahut important hai. And uske baad next is classes they vary in consistency ki consistency ka matlab ki aisa nahi hai ki har jagah classes same hain ki jahan middle class India mein jo hai let's say wahin America mein hogi wahin China mein nahi aisa nahi hai.
[8:48]Ab keh rahe hain ki classes kaise vary karti hain middle class mein ho sakta hai kuch log paidayshi hi pahunch gaye hon kuch logon ko lower class se man lo achieve karke aana padega. Ascription ascription ka matlab sociology mein jo jo by birth aati ho aisi cheezein aisi identities jo by birth humne jaise iska example kya hai religion aapko by birth milta hai gender.
[9:07]Theek hai ji sex bol sakte ho isko aap sex aur gender mein farak karenge apne agle video mein. Theek hai ascription kya hota hai jo by birth milta hai aapki caste you cannot change your caste by birth milti hai. Theek hai and kuch achieve karte ho aap kuch cheezein achieve karne pe milti hain. Toh kehte hain classes accordingly vary karti hai kisi jagah pe ascription ke basis pe classes ban gayin kisi jagah pe achievement ke basis pe ban gayin kahin par mixture dikhta hai. Theek hai ji.
[9:27]Traditional societies mein ascription ka bol bala theek hai traditional societies mein bhai bandhugiri chalti hai. Achha woh kis caste ke ho ye poochte hain kya dharam hai aapka kahan se aaye ho region kya hai aapka jahan paida hue jis jagah paida hue uski zyada chadhai hoti hai toh accordingly traditional societies are ascriptive in nature. Jabki modern societies kaun si hoti hain modern societies achievement based hoti hain jahan par achievement ki baat hogi wahan pe classes banengi achievement based.
[9:50]Again simple simple distinction hai class wala agar aapko answer aayega question aayega bahut aapka rich answer ban sakta hai various dimensions dikha kar. Theek hai ji. Then concluding hum bol sakte hain ki yahan par ki classes jo hain woh samaj ko bahut classes stratify societies stratify karti hain and answer to certain kind of sociological questions on poverty exclusion deviance social inequalities social mobility social change status power life chances and life styles. Ye sab kuch hum class ke basis par explain kar sakte hain. And then last apne paas ek cheez aayegi.
[10:37]It says that with increasing economic development, there is a persistent effort to redistribute wealth. Jaise jaise economic development badh rahi hai wealth redistribution par effort badh chuka hai. Theek hai ji. Wealth redistribution ko leke sarkar lagi hui hai. Progressive taxation karti hai. Aap simple simple example likho aapki kis tarah se classes across classes across classes wealth redistribute ho rahi hai. Theek hai ji. Wealth redistribute ho rahi hai. Accordingly and then estate duty lag jati hain capital gain pe duty lag jati hai wealth task wealth task lagana shuru kar diya tha sarkar ne. Theek hai ji wealth tax accordingly.
[11:00]Taki wealth redistribute ho iske bare mein baat kar lena. Therefore there is equality of living standards ab living standard ki equality ki baat badhti ja rahi hai and middle class bhi badhti ja rahi hai. Okay toh but to Marx's disappointment it seems classes are here to stay for a long time to come in one form or the other. Aapko kabhi Marx ka sawal likhne ko aaye jinka means is baar woh please unke liye bahut important hai. Marx ka sawal likhne ko aaye ki kya Marx irrelevant ho gaya aapne likhna hai jab tak sooraj chand rahega Marx tera naam rahega nahi aise nahi likhna.
[11:45]Toh aapne bolna hai ki jab tak duniya mein inequality hai Marx ki theories they will stay relevant. Marx inequality ke khilaf tha inequality jab tak rahegi Marx ki theories relevant rahengi. Theek hai ji toh apna ye lecture tha aaj ka pehla class par. Agle lecture karte hain jaldi hi. Thank you.
