[0:00]Okay, next chapter shuru kar rahe hain aaj, stratification kaun se race ke basis par, ki race ke basis par kaise kaise stratify kiya gaya. Is par bahut sara content available nahi hota hai, humne jagah jagah se ikattha kiya hai, and kisi kisi ke humne particular viewpoints liye hai jaise Milton Younger bahut important hai and bahut sare viewpoints daale hai isko sath sath note karte rehna and bas ek yahi important ek recommendation hai meri ki notes banao bas that's it. Achcha race ka kehte hai janam kab hua ki kab pata lagna shuru hua ki race race hai kya, jaise ki okay jaise angrez India mein aaye aur woh bolte the yahan par ki hum white race hai. Aap Indians ko bola gaya ki aap dark ya black race ho, theek hai ji to race ka idea kuch biological tha biological ki dekhne mein alag jisko kaha kya kaha gaya phenotypes. Ki phenotypes ka matlab kya hota hai ki dekhne mein alag. Theek hai ji pheno. Jaise kisi ka matha chauda hai to kisi ka let's say ho sakta hai height height lambi hai, kisi ke baal curly hai, kuch bhi to phenotypes ki baat ho rahi hai yahan par. 17th century mein kya hua jab European expansion shuru hui hai duniya mein alag alag hisso mein to wahan par racial stratification ka idea bhi aaya ki race ke naam par let us differentiate people ki yeh dusri race ka lag raha hai. Jaise aap dekho American jaise jo dikhte hai, German dikhte hai jaise waise nahi dikhte Indians clearly dikhta hai na. Waise Chinese to aur bhi alag hai to races alag hai. To generally agar aap biology mein dekho to to biology mein panch different tarah ki races batayi gayi hai Caucasoid theek hai ji jo thode white hote hai Mongoloid jo thode Chinese hote hai Negroid Australoid theek hai ji jaise bahut sari races hai. To to lekin bas aap yeh lekin abhi increasingly discard hota ja raha hai ki races jaise naam ki koi cheez nahi hoti bas yeh geographical ya fir dusra koi impact hai. Hamare liye important bhi nahi hai abhi hum padhenge sociology ke liye bilkul important nahi hai. To Darwin ne jaise bataya ki natural selection hoti hai isliye tarah se races bhi alag alag tarah se yeh mana jana laga sociology mein ki races bhi lagta hai koi aage nikal gayi koi peeche reh gayi. 17th century mein repeat kar raha hu main European expansion se baat shuru hui hai ki and Darwin ki theory bhi aa gayi hai uske baad ki koi biological selection hota hai ki koi jo species aage nikal jaati hai koi species peeche reh jaati hai. To accordingly races mein bhi idea aana shuru hua to usko naam kya diya gaya Social Darwinism. Herbert Spencer aap hamare ek bahut hi important ek sociologys hai Herbert Spencer. What does he say? He says ki fittest jo hai woh survive karega survival of fittest. Yeh Herbert Spencer ne coin kiya usko social Darwinism kaha gaya ki samaj mein bhi sirf jo fittest hai wahi survive karega. Okay, aage. Ismein racism ek stratification ka ek system banke ubhar ke aata hai ki ki race kis tarah se stratify karti hai. Aur yeh isliye yeh prejudice ki bias se bhara hua hai, discrimination se bhara hua hai, social perception badal jayegi India mein aaj bhi aap dekhte ho ki agar rang ke naam par bhedbhav hai, bahu kya chahiye gori, theek hai ji. To yeh bhedbhav agar hum bolein Indians nahi hai to nahi bahut sari books mein likha hoga ki India racism ke naam par discriminate nahi karta. Kyunki India mein aur bahut tarah ki cheeze hai caste hai gender hai lekin bhai race ke naam pe bhi hota hai hum yahan pe kala gora hum bhi karte hai. Okay and then biological difference race ko kya bola gaya observable biological differences between peoples people hai peoples. Peoples matlab ki ek tarah ke jo log the, ek tarah ke jo people the, woh to ek tarah ka dikhte the lekin dusre tarah ke log alag tarah dikhte the to bahut tarah bahut sare jab people ikatthe ho jate hai unko peoples kaha jata hai. Kyunki it is a variety of people theek hai yeh yeh aapka aapko lag raha hoga ki galat likha English mein nahi galat nahi peoples hi kaha jata hai jab bahut different tarah ki communities ki baat ho rahi hai. Okay and then Milton Yinger ka yahan pe idea kya hai woh keh rahe hai ki races are solely biological. Inka social science mein koi lena dena nahi hai ki agar aap bolo ki yeh race dusri race se better hai nahi aisa koi lena dena nahi hai theek hai ji. Biological concept hai agar aapko padhna hai biology mein padho hamare yahan sociology mein padhne ki koi jagah nahi hai. Arey jung ladi gayi hai races ke naam par Hitler ne bola ki jo hum Aryans hai we are the pure race. Theek hai ji baki sab impure hai to unko marna padega hume marna padega Imagine jung ladi gayi hai theek hai ji aur isliye bol rahe hai ki social sciences mein iski jagah nahi hai. Aapne sociology create kar di hai races ke aas pass lekin aisi koi koi cheez nahi hai ki superior race inferior race no. Theek hai ji to social sciences kya karti hai ethnic group padhti hai ethnic group bhi hum padhenge aaj ki what are ethnic groups yeh bhi dekhenge. Theek hai ji to hum races ke bare mein nahi padhte jaise aap main agar bolu Punjabi Punjabi is not a race it's it's an ethnic group Himachali Haryanvi theek hai ji. Yeh ethnic groups hai ethnic groups hum agle agle lecture mein padhenge These are not races I repeat. Theek hai ji races kis pe judi hai sirf biology se judi hai phenotype se judi hai kis tarah se hum dikhte hai. Okay aage. World War II ke baad UNESCO ki ek international conference hoti hai jis mein jis mein totally discard kar diya gaya ki pure race naam ki koi cheez nahi hai theek hai bakwas cheez hai social aur psychological koi attribute nahi jude hote ki agar aap gore ho to aapka yeh attribute agar gore nahi hai to yeh attribute aisa kuch nahi juda hua. And Apartheid ki races ke naam par jo bhedbhav hai yeh band karo. Jabki bahut der tak chalta raha yeh South Africa mein lekin still is pe baat ki gayi ki isko band kiya gaya Apartheid condemned kiya gaya races ke naam pe discrimination. Aage. To keh rahe hai sirf do tarah ke racisms hum dekhte hai witness karte hai systems mein jis ke naam jis ke naam par stratification ki hoti hai humne ya to overt overt matlab out in open ki khule mein ya covert ki chup chupi the se karte ho aap back of the mind ya aise out mein jaise outwardly aap bolte ho ki nahi hum to nahi karte hai aisa lekin invertly aap aise ho overt and covert. Kaise matlab Overt Racism matlab directly dikhta hai yeh ki social status mein ki bhai keh rahe hai sare ke sare whites bahut acche hai blacks bilkul hi poor ho gaye hai unko opportunity deni hi nahi hai. Humne humne job offer hi nahi karni hai unki theek hai ji to blacks aisa wala races ke naam par. Then members associated with a particular race may be assigned a slave status ki inko humne slave bana ke rakhna hai to woh overt hai. Yeh jaise jo US mein civil war hui Abraham Lincoln wali uske pehle to overt tha US mein racism ab kya hai covert hai andar hi andar log racist hai lekin outwardly nahi bolte woh. Okay covert mein kya hota hai ki thoda contemporary aajkal ki samaj mein dekha jata hai yeh hidden hai and itna easy nahi hai isko dhund pana theek hai ji and variables jaise income education housing yeh dikhta hai ki okay ek particular tarah ke dekhne wale logon ke pass yeh thodi cheeze kam hai theek hai jaise blacks ko keh sakte ho aap blacks aise nahi hai ki koi duniya wahan par black koi prosperous nahi hai. Hai prosperous but at the same time unke paas opportunities education income level kafi kam hai. Theek hai aage. Overt covert mein differentiate karna aur ek bahut hi important ek case study hai har numbers mein mentioned hai. Bahut jagah jahan bhi aap padhoge yeh aayega Collin Brown and Pat Gray ki bada hi mazedar case study hai inhone telephone kiye. Kahan telephone kiye interview call fake karte hue kahin bhi kisi jagah pe opening aayi hui thi ki achcha ji yahan pe hume bande chahiye is is particular post ke liye. They started telephoning them ki achcha ji pehle aur na bade sahi the yeh inhone pehle jaise call kiya aur bola ki main ek England ki baat hai ki main to white bol raha hu usko job usko job milne ke chances high ho gaye theek hai ji. Uske baad yeh bolte hai ki main Asian bol raha hu Asian ko thoda sa inhone nakara jahan pe interview kiya gaya to ke Asian unki us tarah se bol rahe the hello hum this this calling theek hai ji to aur uske baad Asians ko thoda opportunity kam mili jab black ban gaye yehman jab black ban ke inhone call kiya opportunity mili hi nahi they outrightly rejected ki hume chahiye hi nahi. Humne bharti hi nahi karna. To yeh Palin jo Collin Brown and Pat Gray please yeh naam yaad rakhna paper mein quote karna bahut zaroori hai telephonic interviews ki case study hai. Inhone fake CVs send kiye white select ho gaye blacks out rightly reject ho gaye jaise hi bataya ki aap kahan se ho kehte main to black hu ji yahan ka and out rightly reject ho gaye Asians but still they did well lekin similar qualification wale white they did exceedingly well. Asians could have done better theek hai ji. To yeh Collin Brown Pat Gray ne establish kiya ki humne jab hum chup chupi the se hum jab kisi ko jab milte hai to covert racism nikal kar aata hai overt nahi hai kehne ko to keh rahe hai ki hum equal opportunity de rahe hai lekin employers equal opportunity nahi de rahe covertly they are racist. Okay then Italian hum main aapko teen char example de raha hu aur ki Italian aapne dekhi hai movie jo jo The Godfather The Godfather mein Italian mafia hi hai to reason kya hai Italian mafia kahan se aaya kyunki jab post World War ke baad Italians jo the migrants unko discriminated kiya gaya samaj ne alag kar diya kyunki dikhte alag the thoda sa to alag kar diya gaya and alag kar diya gaya to accordingly woh mafia banne shuru ho gaye kyunki opportunity nahi milti thi to criminal banne shuru ho gaye theek hai ji and then uske baad Ralph Ellison kitabe likhta hai Invisible Man and woh bhi bolta hai ki increasingly dekha jaye to color ke basis par atrocities yada hai white par atrocity kam hai black pe kam black pe yada to aap ek aur cheez bhi dekho ek there is a very very funny joke to joke to funny hota hai I'm sorry to to achcha usme kya hota hai usme ek aise bacche ko puchte hai ki batao what is usually found in a cell. Baccha likhta hai black. To teacher says no it's a biology class it's not a sociology class. Okay if you get the joke tab aap mujhe bata dena that you like the joke if you didn't get the joke then it's okay. Kyunki sociology padh rahe hai gradually you start getting these jokes. Okay theek hai to blacks yada woh keh raha hai ki blacks dekha jata hai ki ek hi limited area mein concentrate ho gaye hai kyunki baki society unko accept hi nahi karti hai. To baki society accept nahi karti hai to usko kya bolna shuru karte hai waise hum ek hamare paas word bhi hai iska word ka naam hai ghettoization ki woh ghettos mein ikatthe hone shuru ho jate hai ek tarah se.
[9:37]Yeh waise ghetto word wahan se aaya tha World War II se lekin still ghettoization ka matlab kya hota hai ki ek hi jagah pe concentration badhti hi jaati hai kyunki baki samaj unko jagah nahi deta rehne ke liye yahan par hi rehna padta hai thoda sa cut off se ho jate hai baki samaj se alag culture banna shuru ho jata hai to isi karan dekha gaya black mein bhi ghettoization ho rahi hai. Jews ke saath hui thi Nazi Germany mein India mein bhi dekha jata hai aisa ki Musalmanon ke saath hoti hai ghettoization baki samaj unko rehne ki jagah nahi deta. Okay to ab Robert Merton and Gunnar Myrdal theek hai ji in Gunnar Myrdal hamara ek important Robert Merton Robert Kumar Merton ji ke bare mein to hum bahut kuch padhenge theek hai ji. Inhone kya bola ki har ek jo American hai jo ki colored hai colored matlab black hai ki woh kisi tarah se kisi tarah se woh sahi rasta apnana chahta hai institutionally prescribed means theek hai ji jo matlab jo samaj ne bataya waise raha apna raha hai theek hai ji and taki kya achieve kar sake jo culture ne bataye hai goals ki bhai aapne aapne capitalist banna hai Amir banna hai jo bhi banna hai. Kehte aur jaise jo Amir banne ke liye jo rasta dikhaya gaya woh dikha chal rahe hai lekin uske bawajood but still they are subjected to inequalities. Kyunki yeh kya point karna chahte hai yahan pe ki unki yahan par kya idea kya hai ki black hai because they are black because they are colored kisi aur color ke hai. Isi liye unko equal opportunity nahi milti theek hai ji Okay then Paul Hirst John Rex ki yahan par ek baat kar sakte ho ki woh ye thoda historical context de rahe hai iska ki race to capitalism ke karan duniya mein prachalan mein aayi kyunki keh the saste saste unko employee chahiye the capitalists ko. Saste employee chahiye the matlab kya slave chahiye the to slave chahiye the iske liye kya kiya slave trade shuru hua otherwise to uske pehle black white ke chakkar mein nahi hua karta bas saste saste mil gaye unko workers kahan se Africa se to slave utha laye to isliye capitalist ne keh raha hai ki racism ko shuru kiya tha theek hai ji Okay slave trade brought down the costs ki slave saste mein kaam kya saste mein kya muft mein kaam karte hai to isliye capitalist ke liye bahut hi acche the woh aage. Aaj aaj kya hota hai to hum dekhte hai ki aajkal jyada se jyada log khud ko thoda cosmopolitan thoda sa bolte hai ki hum nahi vishwas karte racism wagarah mein. Apne aap ko multiracial bolte hai woh theek hai ji hum bolte hai multi ethnic hai multinational bolte hai khud ko hum to kehte hai ek nationality ke bhi nahi hai theek hai ji to lekin theek hai ji to keh the ethnicity aur race ki line kya hoti ja rahi hai blur. Uske baad but still injustices hai hamare paas kyunki naye naye tarah se injustice nazar aata hai hume theek hai aur jis tarah se samaj badal raha hai uske hisab se injustice badalta rehta hai. Aap bolo ki haan unko voting rights mil gaya pehle to voting rights bhi nahi the lekin ab kya hua voting rights milne ke bawajood equality nahi hai education mein and criminal activity and all. Theek hai ji. And then aage ki abhi jo kuch cases jo aapko paper mein likhne chahiye pakka abhi recent Ferguson killings hui thi USA mein jahan par race sirf aur sirf woh black इंसान there was this guy aur police wale se uski koi jhadap hui police wale usko goli mar di to keh the the the agar yeh white hota to kya police wala usko itni si baat pe shoot karta nahi karta to uske karan bahut hi black protest jo ek protest shuru hua tha black lives they matter ki black jindio ki bhi keemat hai bhi theek hai matter yeh protest shuru hue the black lives matter to Ferguson killing India mein hua Nido Tania. Delhi mein Delhi mein ek Arunachal ke legislator ka beta woh Delhi mein ulajh gaya kisi se aap ye shayad if I am not wrong bahut hi often kaha jata hai ki jo jo hamare north eastern hote hai inko Chinki keh ke bulaya jata hai to to yeh this is nothing but India ka racial feature hai India mein racism ka ek naya daur shuru hua hai yeh aisa aise pukarna aisa kehna name calling and bahut hi aap dekho hamare desh mein aage musibate kam hai caste hai aur class inequalities hai ab race ko leke humne naya shuru kar diya humne naya kuch kaam to this is this is a very very disturbing trend I would say theek hai to Nido Tania ka kya tha Nido Tania bahut famous case hai Delhi ka 2015 ka shayad case hai ye to wahan par usko mar diya police uski un legislator ka MLA ka beta and uski bahas ho gayi kisi dukandar se usne bola ki aap yahan se north east se yahan aa jate ho and so on so forth and that guy actually killed that this boy Nido Tania. Okay theek hai racial hated hume dikh rahi hai stereotype mein ki aap yahan aa jate ho hamari jobs le lete ho and all and all theek hai ji to yeh hamare paas basic sa ek agenda tha to aur isko humne cover karna hai abhi next lecture mein ethnicity cover karte hai theek hai stay tuned.
