[0:12]Hello and welcome to the management classes. Aaj is video mein hum log specific factor model ko discuss karenge. Specific factor model kya hota hai aur kahan se iska idea aaya. Dekhiye, aapne shayad padha ho ya padhiyega isse pehle, do extreme model hain isi factors ke, ek toh hai immobile factor model.
[0:44]Yeh kehta hai ki saare factors, all factors jo hain woh specific hain. Yaani koi factor mobile nahin hai. Jo factors of production hain, woh sab immobile hain aur har industry ke specific hain. Koi industry unko ek doosre mein share nahin kar sakti. Toh ek toh extreme yeh hai. Doosri extreme aapne padhi hogi jo humne ek piche video bhi bana chuke hain hum, H-O model. Ismein jo H-O model hai, woh iski ek samajh lijiye ek tarah ka doosra extreme hai. Uske andar H-O kehte hain H-O kehte hain ki saare ke saare mobile saare ke saare factors mobile hain, yaani koi factor specific nahin hai, no specific factor. Yeh do extreme ho gayi. Ek model keh raha hai ki sahib factors of production jo hote hain, woh industries ke beech mein fixed hote hain. Koi industry kisi doosre ka nahin le sakti, sab immobile hain. Har industry apne specific factors ko leke kaam karti hai. H-O kehte hain ki nahin, saare freely mobile hain. Koi bhi jo factors of production hai, woh ek industry se doosri industry mein ja sakta hai. Ab zaahir hai jo jo extreme the, iske andar ab ek teesra nikal kar aaya jisne kaha ki nahin, yeh bhi bahut extreme hai, yeh bhi bahut extreme hai jisko humne kaha specific factor. Is model ke andar unhone kaha ki nahin, factor jo hain, mobile bhi ho sakte hain aur specific bhi ho sakte hain. Unhone maan ke chala, is is model ke andar darasal humne leke chalaya, ek factor ko humne mobile liya hai aur doosre ko humne fixed liya hai. Achcha agar aap reality mein dekhein, toh aisa hota hai. Jaise aap aap saare factor ko agar aap mobile maan ke chal rahe hain toh aap dekhiye ek cotton industries hai aur ek steel industries hai. Agar ek industry shift kar rahi hai apne production ko doosri industry pe, cotton aur steel ke andar toh unka jo capital hai, unke jo raw material hai, woh ek doosri jagah shift nahin ho sakta. Kaise aap ek cotton ko steel aur iron ore mein change kar sakte hain? Doosre example aap workers ka lijiye. Maan lijiye ek worker hai jo train kiya gaya hai particularly kapda mil ke andar, cloth mil ke andar kaam karne ke liye, ab aap usko keh rahe hain us skilled ko, main unskilled ki baat nahin kar raha hoon. Skilled ko toh woh jaakar steel ki company mein kaise kaam karega, woh nahin kar sakta hai. Toh basically aisa hota hai ki kuch factor specific hote hain aur kuch factor nahin ho sakte, ab aap unskilled labor ki baat kijiye toh woh kahin bhi chali jaati hai, usko toh vajan uthana hai. Kahin bhi uthwaliye usse le jaake vajan. Theek hai? Model par aate hain, dekhiye yeh model basically sabse pehle Jacob Viner ne isko discuss kiya tha. Originally jo model hai, yeh Jacob Viner ka hai aur basically yeh jo Ricardian ka model tha, uska ek variant hai. Iska Jacob Viner wala, isiliye kahin kahin aap isko Ricardo Viner model bhi likha dekhenge. Yeh bhi aapko kahin likha dikh sakta hai toh samajh lijiyega woh two-factor sorry, specific factor model ki baat kar rahe hain. Yeh baad mein yeh model formally aur balki kahin formally kiya gaya mathematically Ronald Jones and Michael Musa ne. Do economists the, Ronald Jones and Michael Musa, inhone isko mathematically aur graphically develop kiya. Jones ne jo kaha isko, is model ko unhone kaha ki yeh two goods three factor model hai. Ab yeh Jones ne kyun kaha isko hum abhi aage jab model padhenge toh humari samajh mein aayegi, two goods three factor kaise ho jaate hain. Theek hai? Baad mein Musa ne isko graphically iske equilibrium ko represent kiya. Jahan pe unhone kaha ki sahib ek industry ke andar ek factor fixed hota hai aur ek factor mobile hota hai. Ek factor ko hum ek industry se doosri industry mein change kar sakte hain, doosre ko nahin kar sakte hain. Zaahir hai, maine jaise pehle bataya, particularly designed kiye hote hain koi bhi input. Ab ab capital ko lijiye, capital specifically designed hai ek firm ke liye, woh doosri firm mein kaam nahin karega, doosri industry mein kaam nahin karega. Isi tarike se labor hai ab aap doctor ko se kahe ki jaakar engineering ka construction ka kaam karvaye, woh toh nahin kar sakta na. Doctor patient dekhega aur jo inko kaam karna hai woh engineer ko kaam karna hai woh engineering karenge. Toh aap yeh maan kar chaliye yahan par ki is cases ke andar agar aap capital ko idhar se udhar change kar rahe hain, move karna chah rahe hain toh ya toh woh impossible hai ya difficult hai ya at least bahut zyada costly hoga. Theek hai? Model mein jaane se pehle hum iske kuch assumptions dekh lete hain, main short mein likh raha hoon assumptions, aap log usko dekh lijiyega. Kuch assumptions hain taaki model mein aasani ho.
[6:24]Maine, yeh model maan ke, jaise maine bataya ki iske andar hum two sector economy ko leke chal rahe hain, toh hum maan kar chal rahe hain, two goods hain sirf humare paas. Goods jo hai woh two hain, yeh ek assumption hai pehle humara, X and Y. Theek hai?
[6:46]Isi tarike se hum do factors ko leke chal rahe hain. Jo factors of production hai, main FP likh de raha hoon, woh bhi two hain, capital aur labor. Theek hai? Isi tarike se hum teesra maan kar chal rahe hain ki jo humari market hai, woh competitive hai, perfectly competitive hai.
[7:23]Theek hai? Teesri baat yeh ho gayi. Chauthi baat hum yeh maan kar chal rahe hain, ab jaise maine pehle bataya ki hum capital ko immobile maan ke chal rahe hain, yaani capital specific hai. Yeh jo humara capital aur labor hai, iske andar jo capital hai woh specific hai aur jo humara labor hai humari.
[7:54]Wohi mobile hai. Yaani hum yeh assume karke chal rahe hain humne maan liya hum do factor lene hain na hume toh do factors mein capital aur labor liya hai, ab hum yeh maan kar chal rahe hain ki labor jo hai woh mobile hai, kyunki unskilled labor easily ek doosre se doosre ka ja sakti hai aur do industries ke beech mein uska equalization ho sakta hai, equilibrium aa sakta hai, capital mushkil ho jaata hai. Kyunki capital har firm ka ya har industry ka apne hisab se banaya hua hota hai. Ab aap lijiye ki woh dairy product company hai jo doodh wagaira milk wagaira cheese aur yeh sab banati hai, ab aap kahe usse ki kapde banane mein woh ja rahi hai. Toh kis tarike se milk producing animals jo humare hote hain, hum unko kaise change kar dein kapda produce karne wali mein, isliye mumkin nahin hota hai. Theek hai? Yeh assumption ho gaye. Achcha ab ek baat yahan par dekhne ki ki kyunki capital humne immobile liya hai, humne capital ko immobile specific maane yaani immobile hai.
[8:51]Toh capital ko do industry ke beech mein different ya differentiated maan sakte hain. Ab jo humara yeh capital hai, hum usko keh sakte hain ki yeh different ya differentiated hai. Jaise maine example diya, kapde ki company ka kapde ki company ka hai aur steel ki company ka steel ki company ka hai. Yaani woh substitute nahin ho sakte ek doosre se. Woh idhar nahin ja sakte ya udhar nahin ja sakte. Is hisab se humari yeh three-sector economy ho gayi. Jo abhi piche Wines ne batayi thi, three-sector ho jaayegi. Kaise? Dekhiye, pehla toh humara labor hi ho gayi, jo labor the jo dono jagah saath mein hai. Labor ho gaya pehla. Doosra capital specific capital in industry one.
[9:44]Specific capital one kar len aur isko kar len hum specific capital two. Yeh main time save karne ke liye short mein likhta rehta hoon, aap log ko shayad problem ho, sorry uske liye, zyada likho toh time zyada jaata hai uske andar. Theek hai?
[10:18]Ab dekhiye model ko aage badhate hain. Hum maan ke chal rahe hain do communities hain X and Y. Theek hai? Iska matlab do industries ho gayi humare paas. Theek hai? Toh ab do industry ke beech mein yahan par equilibrium lana hai. Jo yeh log dono industry labor aur capital ko use kar rahi hain, supply jo hai woh fixed hai, supply economy ke andar fixed hai. Theek hai? Industries ke beech mein, yaani jitni bhi labor ki supply hai, unhi ke beech mein dono ko apna apna hissa lena hai. Total maan lijiye country ke andar 100 labor hai. Theek hai? Toh ab woh dekhenge ki 50 kon, 50-50 lenge, 45-55 lenge, kaise lenge, 45, 55, 50, 50 aur kaise. Toh hum yeh maan ke chalenge ki yeh fixed hai country ke andar. Isi ke beech mein mobility honi chahiye. Theek hai? Aur har industry specific quantity of capital ko use kar rahi hai, uske paas apni hai jo ek doosre se substitute nahin ho sakti hai aur. Jo jo price of capital hai, that cannot be equalized in two countries or industries, price nahin ho sakte capital ke kyunki capital specific nahin hai. Lekin wages equalized ho sakti hain.
[11:34]Wages equalize ho sakti hain, kaise? Kyunki yeh mobile hai. Yeh dono country ke beech mein, dono industries ke beech mein chalti rahengi idhar idhar idhar aur ek jagah dono equalized ho jaayengi aur wahi humara equilibrium aa jaayega. Ab yeh equilibrium kis tarah aayega, isko samajhne ke liye mujhe ek figure banani hogi. Theek hai? Toh main figure banata hoon aur phir shuru karta hoon. Okay, toh figure maine bana li hai. Aasan hai thodi figure aasan si hai. Dekhiye, humne iske upar jo humara horizontal axis hai us par humne labor li hai aur jo humare vertical axis hain un dono par humne wages liye hain. Yahan par humara jo yeh L L1 hai, yeh basically humari total supply of labor hai in the country, yaani humari country ke andar total supply sirf L L1 hai. Jaise maine bataya tha ki ishi total labor ke andar dono industry ko apna apna part dekhna hai ki mujhe kitna lena hai aur mujhe kitna lena hai. Toh yaani aap agar dekhein ki at different employment level, koi bhi employment level alag alag ho, labor kitni hai, itni hai, itni hai, har labor ke upar supply of labor for X industry jo hai, yeh X industry hai, yeh X ka marginal product of labor curve hai. Toh jo X hai, uska basically labor jo supply hai uske paas X ki jo hai woh L se right ki taraf hogi aur Y ki jo hogi, woh L se left ki taraf hogi. Theek hai? Yeh dono industries ki apni supply hogi, yaani iske beech mein woh koi bhi supply le sakta hai. Curve jo hain, yeh kya represent kar rahe hain? Value of marginal product of labor for X and value for marginal product of labor for industry Y. Dono apni apni marginal product of labor ko de rahe hain. Abhi yeh bani hui kaise hai? Aap lenge, maan lijiye ek figure yeh hai, ek firm ki aur ek figure yeh hai doosri industry ki. Yeh Y hai aur yeh X hai. Ab in dono ko karib laake mila dijiye. Isko iske saath kar lijiye toh yeh line yahan aa gayi, yeh line iske saath aa gayi aur yeh curve yeh wala aa gaya. Is tarike se yeh bana hua hai, sirf humne dono ko mila diya hai. Theek hai? Ab kya hoga? Iske andar koi bhi aap agar ek given stock leke, fixed stock ko maan kar agar aap chale, dekhiye yahan par hum yeh maan kar chal rahe hain ki humara labor mobile hai aur woh capital nahin hai. Lekin agar capital bhi mobile hoga toh kya hoga? Agar capital yaani kisi bhi ek position, humara jo yeh curve hai, yeh curve kis pe depend karega? Technology hai, price of product hai ya aap keh lijiye jo specific capital hum use kar rahe hain us par depend karega. Toh maan lijiye agar hum supply of labor badhate hain aur uske saath saath hum capital bhi badha dete hain toh curve shift kar jaayega, curve shift kar jaayega. Lekin hum toh capital ko chhed hi nahin sakte. Hum toh yahan yeh dekh kar chal rahe hain ki hum kis tarike se labor ko equilibrium par la sakein do industries ke beech mein.
[14:40]Toh agar hum maan ke chale ki humara jo fixed stock of capital hai, toh marginal product of labor X ka kya hoga? Marginal product of labor for industry X, iska kya hoga? Yeh jo humara X X ka curve, suppose kar lijiye yeh humara yeh nikal kar aaya. Ab main labor ko badhane ki koshish kar raha hoon. Maine koshish ki ki main thodi si labor ko badhaoon, lekin capital fixed hai. Labor meri suppose kar lijiye yahan thi aur yeh yahan aa raha tha humara. Yeh labor aur yeh uski wages aa gayi. Ab maine agar labor ko badhayi toh wage niche aa jaayegi na. Yaani jaise jaise main labor ko badhaunga, meri jo wage hai, woh niche aati chali jaayegi aur jo mera curve hai, marginal product of labor for X, yeh negatively slope hota chala jaayega.
[15:33]Isiliye yeh dekhiye yeh ban kar aa raha hai. Jaise aap labor badhaayenge, aapki wage kam hogi aur isse yeh niche ki taraf badhta chala jaayega aur similarly Y ke case mein bhi yahi hoga. Jo bilkul same hai, yaani marginal product of Y jo hoga, woh jaise jaise supply of labor ko badhaya jaayega, supply of labor, wages niche aati chali jaayengi jiski wajah se jo iska slope hai, woh negatively slope hokar aa raha hai. Theek hai? Ab maan lijiye, kyunki jo capital hai, woh specific hai, hum usko increase nahin kar rahe hain, toh is figure ke andar kisi bhi point par jab aap marginal labor of product marginal product of labor ki value ko nikalenge for industry X toh aapko kya karna hoga? Aap basically jo marginal product of labor of industry X hai, usse uske price ko multiply karenge, jaise main isko likhoon, yaani aap value of marginal product of labor kaise nikalenge, yaani Value of marginal product of labor. Ab maan lijiye isko nikalne ke liye pehle aapko dekhna hoga ki aap X ka nikal rahe hain, toh price of X lijiye, theek hai? Isko multiplied kar dijiye marginal product of labor X.
[17:00]Yeh aapki value nikal kar aa gayi. Yeh aapki marginal product of kisi bhi point par, is point par lijiye, is point par aap kisi bhi point par aap nikalenge marginal product of labor ko toh usko, jo marginal product of labor hai, usse aapko iski wages se multiply karna padega, jo price hain, labor ke jo price hain, usse multiply karenge toh value of marginal product of labor aapki nikal kar aa jaayegi. Theek hai? Ab main kab tak badhata rahunga? Main yeh labor mainne yahan dekha, yahan mainne dekha marginal product of labor kitna nikal kar aaya hai aur mainne dekha, main yeh kaam us waqt tak karta rahunga jab tak mera yeh marginal product of labor jo hai, yaani value of the marginal product of labor hai, woh kam rahegi wages se jo market mein wages hain. Maine yahan aaya dekha abhi toh mera marginal product of labor zyada hai, aur badha dunga. Phir main dekhunga marginal product of labor kitna hai, ki nahin abhi toh wage se aur zyada hai mera, phir badha dunga. Is tarike se main apne aap ko leta aaunga aur yeh kab tak chalta rahega? Yeh us waqt tak chalta rahega jab tak mera marginal product of labor wage ke barabar na ho jaayega.
[19:15]Theek hai? Yahani, basically yeh humari wage equilibrium. Yeh W hai aap yeh maan ke chaliye. Equilibrium wage. Theek hai? Yaani jo humara R S hai, woh humari equilibrium level of supply hai. Ab dono firm apne aap ko laati jaayengi, yeh apni badhata chala jaayega, yeh apni badhata chala jaayega aur dono ek jagah aakar R par mil jaayengi, kyunki supply fixed hai, toh in dono ke beech mein yahi dono cheeze share kar sakti hain. Theek hai? Toh jab yeh R par aa jaayenge toh iska matlab ab hum yeh keh sakte hain ki L S jo hai, woh firm, industry X ke paas hai labor supply aur L1 S jo hai, woh firm Y ke paas hai.
[20:07]Yeh dono ki supply dono ko mil gayin. Ab hum yeh keh sakte hain ki wage rate gets equalized in both the industries due to the free movement of labor among different industries, ya aap kahiye different sectors of the economy. Theek hai? Agar hum ek factor ko fixed maan kar chal rahe hain, yaani main usko repeat karoon ki hum yeh keh sakte hain is poori theory ke baad ki jo wages hain, woh economy ke andar equalized ki ja sakti hain dono industries ke andar.
