[0:13]Hello and welcome to the management classes. Aaj is video mein hum log Heckscher-Ohlin Model, Heckscher-Ohlin Theory ko discuss karenge, Heckscher-Ohlin Theory of international trade. Is theory ko factor endowment theory bhi kaha jata hai. Aap log factor endowment theory padhe ya Heckscher-Ohlin model padhe, ek hi cheez hai. Theek hai? Dekhiye, ye model basically jo idea jo diya tha wo Heckscher ne hi diya tha. Heckscher ne ek paper publish kiya tha, ek Swedish paper tha, jo ki Stockholm School of Economics mein unhone likha tha.
[0:51]Uske andar unhone iska idea diya tha aur ye paper unhone likha tha 1919 mein. Theek hai? Uske baad unke student the Ohlin. Jo Heckscher-Ohlin hum kehte hain Ohlin basically Heckscher ke student the, yani unhone PhD jab ki thi to apni research dissertation Heckscher ke supervision mein ki thi. Toh 1933 ke andar Ohlin ne is paper ko baqayde apni book mein as a model publish kiya. Ye kitab unhone akele likhi thi. Lekin kyunki wo unke supervisor the, wo idea unhone hi diya tha aur jo dissertation jisse unhone apni PhD thesis se jisse isko liya is model ko unhone pura banaya wo supervised Heckscher ne ki thi, isliye unhone unko credit diya aur isliye is model ko Heckscher-Ohlin model kiya kaha jata hai. 1977 ke andar Heckscher ko sorry Ohlin ko is contribution ke liye Nobel Prize bhi diya gaya tha. Theek hai? Achha. Baad mein is model par Paul Samuelson ne bhi kaam kiya toh kuch jagah apne dekha hoga ki is model ko Heckscher-Ohlin-Samuelson model bhi kaha jata hai kyunki is model ke upar aage phir Paul Samuelson ne kaam kiya pehle 1949 ke andar kiya phir 1953 ke andar again unhone is model par kaam kiya. Theek hai? Is model ko hum HO model bhi kehte hain. Ye bhi iska naam hai. Agar kahin aap HO model likha dekhe toh samajh lijiye ki ye Heckscher-Ohlin model hai ya factor endowment theory hai. Theek hai? Aur is model ko 2 * 2 * 2 model bhi kaha jata hai. Kyun? Kyunki is model ke andar do goods li gayi hain. Theek hai? Do factors of production liye gaye hain aur do country li gayi hain. Yani is model mein ye dikhaya gaya ki do countries hain.
[3:10]Wo aapas mein trade karti hain aur unke paas do goods hain, do goods mein wo trade karti hain dono countries aur wo dono do factors of production use karte hain, capital aur labor. Isliye is model ko hum 2 * 2 * 2 model bhi kehte hain. Ab dekhiye ye model jab shuru karte hain toh isme jo iska idea tha is model ka. Wo do questions par base karta hai, yani is theory ke andar do questions ko address kiya gaya hai jo Ricardo ne explain nahi kiye hain. MATLAB ye kaha jata hai ki ye wo question hai jo Ricardo ki theory mein un-explained hain. Pehla question kya hai? Ki what determines the comparative advantage. Ricardo ne comparative advantage ke baare mein toh bataya ki lekin kaha jata hai ki ye explain nahi kiya ke comparative advantage apne aap mein khud kaise determine ki jati hai, kaise hum maan lete hain ki haan ye comparatively advantageous hai country. Kya system hai uska? Theek hai? Dusri baat jo usne kahi wo usme kahe ki what effect does international trade has on the earnings of the various factors of production in trading nations. Hum jab trade karte hain do nations trade kar rahe hain toh akhir jo hamare factors of production hain unki earnings ka international trade par kya farq padta hai.
[4:57]Theek hai? Ye dono cheeze isme address ki gayi hain. Aur iske liye ye model basically kaam karta hai ye batata hai ki ek country agar kisi product ke production mein abundant hai toh wo usko export karegi. Aur wohi country jis cheez ke production mein scarce hai, woh usko import karegi. Bohut simple ye idea hai, isko hum phir elaborate karenge. Ek country hai uske andar koi X product hai. Jo wo bohut zyada produce kar sakta hai uski low cost hai uske yahan aur abundant hai uska raw material, toh wo us product ko export karega. Aur wo product jiske andar uski factors of production jo hain wo scarce hain ya wo product wo bohut mehnga produce kar pa raha hai, toh wo us product ko dusri country se import karega. Isi ke upar ye model chalega aur in do questions ke answer dega. Theek hai? Toh model shuru karne se pehle hum pehle iske assumptions dekh lete hain. Toh time save karne ke liye main pehle assumptions likh leta hoon phir shuru karte hain. Theek hai? Assumptions main ne likh liye hain toh chaliye assumptions par baat karte hain. Dekhiye pehla assumption hai 2 * 2 * 2 model. Ye jaise ki humne abhi padha tha bhi ki ye hamara jo waise bhi is model ko 2 * 2 * 2 kehte hain. Hamare case mein jo model hum example lene ja rahe hain uske andar hum do country lenge China aur US. Do product lenge aircraft and textiles aur do factors of production lenge capital and labor. Theek hai? Next, same production technology and uniform factors of production. Dono countries ke andar, dono nations jo trade kar rahe hain, yani jis hamare example mein China aur US honge, dono ke andar jo production technology hogi wo same hogi, same production technology ke dono use kar rahe honge aur factors of production jo hain wo dono mein uniform hain yani barabar hain. Theek hai? Tisri baat, one good is capital intensive and other labor intensive. Do product humne liye hain, aircraft and textile. Hamein maan kar chal rahe hain ki in dono mein se ek good jo hai, ek product jo hai wo capital intensive hai aur dusra labor intensive hai.
[7:30]Capital intensive wo kehlati hain jismein capital zyada use hota hai, labor kam hota hai. Labor intensive wo product kehlati hain jismein labor zyada use hoti hai aur simple machinery, yani machinery kam use hoti hai. Theek hai? Toh wo country jahan par labor abundant hoti hai wo labor intensive hoti hain aur wo countries jahan par capital zyada hota hai, labor bohut costly hoti hai toh wahan capital intensive techniques of production use ki jati hain. Toh hamara jo example hai jo hum aage padhne wale hain usmein aircraft capital intensive hai aur textile labor intensive hai. Theek hai? Next, taste and preferences are same. Ye assumption isliye important ho jata hai ki ye assumptions hamein ek permission deta hai ki hum same indifference curve use kar sakte hain dono country ke liye.
[8:24]Kyunki hum maan kar chal rahe hain taste of preferences same hain. Yani demand same hai. Jo hamara demand hai wo same hai. Demand conditions jo hain wo same hain. Toh indifference curve hum same use kar sakte hain dono country ke liye. Constant return to scale. Jo hum lekar chal rahe hain iske andar maan kar chal rahe hain ki jo bhi production ho raha hai us par constant return to scale hai aur hamara market perfectly competitive market hai.
[8:54]Next, free flow of international trade, yani koi restrictions nahi hain international trade mein. International trade ekdam free hai, kuch bhi cheez aap export kar sakte hain, kuch bhi cheez import kar sakte hain. Full employment of resources. Under-employment nahi hai hamare yahan. Hamare yahan koi bhi resources bekar nahi padi huyi hain. Jo bhi resources hain wo hum puri tarah use kar rahe hain.
[9:20]Aur akhiri hai, export and import between the nations are balanced. Export aur import dono country ke beech mein balanced hai. Yani 1:1 hai.
[9:37]Iska value hum balance maan kar chal rahe hain 1:1 hai. Isi se hum idea lenge inki price line ka. Jo hum uska terms of trade lenge wo isi se lenge hum. Usi se hamari model mein ek price line aayegi jisse hum dono ke output ko aur export aur import ko determine karenge. Theek hai? Theory shuru karne se pehle aap ye factor endowments samjhiye ki ye kya hai. Factor endowment basically ratio hai capital aur labor ka. Yani factor endowment kya hai? Capital labor ka ratio. Ye factor endowment kehlata hai. Theek hai? Ab maan lijiye do countries hain. Theek hai? Country 1 hai aur country 2. Ab maan lijiye country 1 ka jo ye capital labor ratio hai 1 ka ye capital output ratio country 2 se zyada hai. Theek hai? Yani iska ratio zyada hai iska ratio kam hai. Toh agar ye zyada hai toh iske andar capital zyada hai, iska matlab jo country 1 hai wo capital intensive ho jayegi aur jo country 2 hai wo labor intensive ho jayegi. Theek hai? Toh yahan par ye baat zehen mein rakhni hai ki ye basically ek comparative ratio hai. Absolute sense mein labor ya capital zyada nahi hai. Theek hai? Ab ab isko hum example le le ki maan lijiye agar hum production kar rahe hain aur ek country ke andar humne isko double kar diya, yani 2K upon 2L. Kyunki labor capital intensive hai. Toh humne country 1 ka ye badha diya. Kitna aayega ye country 1 mein? One aa jayega. Theek hai? Country 2 ki hum baat karein kyunki humne mana hai ki wo labor intensive hai toh wahan labor hum zyada kar denge. Toh K ko hum capital ko 1 hi rehne de 1 likhe na likhe. Theek hai? Aur labor humne 4 kar di. Labor intensive hai labor hum zyada karenge capital kam rakhenge toh kya aa gaya? 1 by 4. Ye bada hai isse. Toh ye baat aap zehen mein rakhiye ki basically ye absolute sense mein zyada nahi hai. Balki ye relative sense mein zyada hona hai. Ye ratio capital labor ka ratio jo relative sense mein jiske paas zyada hai wo capital intensive hai aur relative sense mein jiske paas ye kam hai wo labor intensive hai. Is baat ko zehen mein shuru se bitha lijiye.
[12:19]Chaliye theory ki baat karein. Dekhiye jaisa main ne pehle bataya ye theory ka idea hi ye hai ki saahab jiske paas abundant resources hain production hai wo export karegi aur jo kam hai wo import karegi. Lekin ye determine kaise hoga? Isko determine karne ke liye iska jo theory ka statement hai wo kya hai? Jo base hai iska wo kya hai? Difference between the pre-trade relative price of products. Dono products ke jo pre-trade ke prices hain, basically wo is trade ko determine karenge. Yani ab ek maine example liya hai hamare example mein jaise hum China aur US ko le ke chal rahe hain.
[13:00]Aur do product liye hain humne textile aur wo aircraft. Ye dono product dono countries mein ban rahe hain. Sell bhi ho rahe hain country ke andar hi andar. Abhi international trade nahi hua hai toh kuch toh prices honge na inke. Ye price jab international level par aayenge toh compare kiye jayenge. Jo abundant cheez hoti hai uske price kam hote hain aur jo scarce hoti hai uske price zyada hote hain. Toh ye dekhenge ki yahan kya scarce hai wo import kar lega. Aur jo abundant hai wo export kar dega. Toh jo pre-trade prices hote hain, basically wo is trade ko determine karte hain aur ye price kis par depend karte hain? Dekhiye price do cheez par depend karte hain, pehli toh hai uska production possibility curve. Isse hum dono production dekhte hain is PPC ke zariye aur usse hum nikalte hain. Dusri cheez kya hai? Taste and preferences. Aap isko demand condition keh lijiye. Jo main ne pehle bataya tha aapko.
[14:14]Theek hai? Yani dono countries ki demand condition. Theek hai? Ab ye production possibility curve jo hai ye kis cheez par depend karta hai? Ye again do cheezon par depend karega, technology aur resource endowment. Ye kis cheez par depend karta hai?
[14:44]Technology par karta hai. Aur resource endowment. Toh padha hai aapne bohut sari isko PPC mein bhi padha hoga ye. Production possibility curve jo hota hai ye ek toh technology par depend karta hai ki technology kaun si use kar rahe hain, us hisab se hum factors ko use karte hain uske.
[15:01]Dusri factor endowment kya hai, kya hamara capital output ratio hai? Toh iska matlab ye hai toh ab price kis cheez par depend ho gaye? Agar hum is par base karein toh price ab hamare teen cheez par depend ho gaye. Number one, technology. Main short mein likh raha hoon. Number two, resource endowment. Aur number three, demand. Ab agar aap assumptions ko yaad karein toh dekhiyega humne technology ko mana hai same, yani humne assume kiya hai ki dono countries mein technology same hogi aur jo demand condition hai, that is taste and preferences in both the countries are same. Kya bacha? Resource endowment.
[15:53]And this is the ultimate determinants of comparative advantage according to this theory. Theek hai? Achha ye baat main bar bar aapko bata raha hoon ki ab is theory mein hum aage badh rahe hain toh hum base wohi karenge. Ki jo cheez abundant hai wo export karegi aur jo scarce hai wo import karegi. Theek hai? Isko hum aise samajh sakte hain. Ki India ke paas bohut zyada resources hain textile produce karne ke liye, kapde paida karne ke liye, produce karne ke liye toh wo kapde export karega. Theek hai? US ke paas capital produce karne ke liye bohut zyada resources hain, wo capital zyada produce kar sakta hai, labor wahan bohut mehngi hai. Toh wo machines and capital ko produce karke export dusri countries ko karega. Theek hai? Achha, ek sawal ye uthta hai ki relative abundance ka matlab kya hai? Humne kaha na ki ye relatively abundant hai. Phir main ye baat keh raha hoon ki dekhiye is factor endowment ko zehen mein rakhiyega. Yahan relative abundance ka samajhna zaruri hai. Aisa nahi ki absolute sense mein hamare paas bohut zyada resources hain toh hum comparatively advantageous ho gaye. Compare to the other country, usko samajhne ke liye hum apna example lete hain. Jaise main ne bataya ki humne apne example mein China aur US ko liya hai, do product liye hain aircraft and textile aur do factors of production hain labor and capital. Toh maan lijiye ye resources hain hamare paas. Theek hai? Yahan hum US ko lenge aur yahan China. Theek hai? Resources hamare paas do hi hain jaise main ne bataya ki hamare paas ek toh capital hai aur ek labor hai. US ke paas hamare paas capital kitna hai? US ke paas maan lijiye capital 100 machines hain. Theek hai?
[17:51]Aur China ke paas machines, main ne MCH likh diya hai isse aap samajh lijiye ga. Aur China ke paas 20 machines hain. Labor ki baat karein toh zahir hai China mein labor zyada hai kyunki China labor intensive country hai. Toh wahan par ismein agar hum maan ke chalein ki 200 labor hai. Labor hai aur wahan 1000 labor hai. Theek hai? Ab in dono ka capital output ratio nikal kar compare karenge kis mein zyada hai aur kis mein kam. Ab agar aap capital output ratio US ka le ke chalein, US ka capital labor sorry, capital labor ratio. Capital kitna hai? 100. Aur ye labor kitni hai? 200. Equal to 0.5. Ye iska capital labor ratio ho gaya na?
[18:55]China ka kitna hai? China ka ho jayega 20 upon 1000. Which is equal to 0.05. Yani US ke andar hum ye keh sakte hain ki per labor 0.5 machines hain. Lekin China ke andar per labor 0.05 machines hain. Toh iska matlab yahan par bohut thodi si machine hai labor ke upar yani labor bohut zyada hai.
[19:37]Aur yahan par machines comparatively China ke zyada hain isliye per labor machines zyada aa rahi hain. Ye bada hai iska matlab. Hai na? Toh ye prove kar raha hai is baat ko ki US capital intensive country hai aur wo aircraft produce karegi.
[19:57]Aur China labor intensive country hai aur wo textile produce karegi. Theek hai? Isko aap is tarah bhi keh sakte hain ki US jo hai wo abundant hai capital mein aur scarce hai labor mein. Dusri taraf China abundant hai labor mein aur scarce hai capital mein. Ab ek sawal uthta hai ki kis tarah hum ye keh sakte hain ki relative abundance of resource determine comparative advantage. Hum ye kaise manein ki jo relative abundance hai yehi comparative advantage ko determine karti hai. Uska bohut simple aur sadharan uska uttar hai jawab hai. Ki dekhiye, wo country jahan par koi bhi resource relatively abundant hai wahan par relative cost kam aayegi us nation se jisse wo trade kar raha hai. Theek hai? Mere yahan India ke andar textile produce zyada ho raha hai. Theek hai? Toh wahan uske jo cost hai wo kam hogi. Lekin agar kuch machines produce ki jayen, technology produce ki jaye toh uski cost zyada aati hai. Theek hai? Toh is wajah se hum ye keh sakte hain ki relative abundance jo hai wo basically determine karta hai comparative advantage ko. Theek hai? Ab figure ke zariye hum is concept ko aur clear kar lete hain. Toh as usual time save karne ke liye main figure bana leta hoon phir shuru karte hain. Theek hai? Chaliye toh figure bana li hai maine. Ab shuru karte hain. Thodi si complicated lag rahi hain lekin jab main bataunga toh aapko aasan lagne lagengi. Dekhiye ye maine do figure banayi hain. Ek figure hai jo autarky equilibrium hai. Autarky basically aap kehte hain economic independence. Autarky ka matlab hota hai ki ek country use export aur import ki zarurat nahi hai wo khud produce kar raha hai khud consume karna kar raha hai. Usko autarky kehte hain. Toh ye jo hai ye basically autarky hai. Dono countries ke humne yahan curve production possibility curve liye hue hain aur hum ye bata rahe hain yahan par ki dono apne aap mein produce kar rahe hain aur consume kar rahe hain. Abhi tak inko ye nahi pata hai ki hum trade karenge toh kya hoga. Ab in dono ka ye dekhna hoga ki kaun si kis mein expert hai. Kis country ko kya produce, humne pehle toh bata rakha hai lekin yahan hamein kaise pata lagega? Uske liye hum ye line draw karenge tangent line. Ye absolute slope of the line hai. Ye absolute slope line hai.
[22:52]Ye basically kya bata rahi hai aapka? Marginal rate of transformation. Ye wali kyunki ye US ka hai toh ye marginal rate of transformation US ka bata rahi hai. Aur ye kyunki China ka curve hai toh ye jo line hai ye China ka marginal rate of transformation bata rahi hai. Ab aap agar dekhein toh ye jo curve hai ye tilt ho raha hai aircraft ki taraf aur ratio kya lekar hum chale the? Capital labor ka.
[25:52]Toh iska matlab ye hai toh ye jo marginal rate of transformation jo US ka hai wo kam ho jayega China se. Agar aap isko apne data ke hisab se calculate karenge toh aap dekhiyega ki ye marginal rate of yani jo slope of the curve hai.
[26:20]Yehi toh hota hai marginal rate of transformation, is cheez se toh hum nikalte hain na. Toh ye marginal rate of transformation jo hai ye China ka zyada hai as compare to US. Jo aapko ye batata hai ki China labor intensive hai. Kyunki capital capital labor ratio ke andar iska jo curve ka hai marginal rate of transformation ye zyada ho jata hai.
[26:50]Jab ye zyada hoga toh iska matlab ye labor intensive ho gayi aur ye capital intensive. Yani ab ye curve dono jo ye slope hain ye aapko ye bata rahe hain ki jo US hai wo capital intensive technique ko use karta hai aur aircraft produce karega. Aur kyunki wo labor intensive nahi hai, labor wahan par costly hai, toh wo labor intensive jo product hai yani textile wo import karega. Isi tarike se jo China hai, China chuki labor intensive technique ko use karta hai toh wo textile ko produce karega aur export bhi karega. Aur kyunki capital intensive technique uske yahan nahi hai toh wo aircraft kam produce karega aur bahar se import kar lega. Yani main jis cheez mein expert hoon main usko zyada produce karoon. Aur jismein main expert zyada nahi hoon usko kam produce karoon. Jo main ne zyada produce kiya hai usko main export kar doon, jo main ne kam produce kiya hai usko main import kar loon. Yehi concept hai.
[28:38]Ab aa jaiye trade mein. Theek hai? Isko samajhne ke liye hum ye green color ki dekhiye ye hum ek common relative price line daal lete hain. Ye relative price line hai actual price line nahi hai. Ye sirf yahan bata rahi hai ki ye log apne prices ko kahan equalize kar sakte hain. Theek hai? Ab dekhiye system wohi hai. Ye 6 aur 7 produce aur consume kar rahe the ab bhi 6 aur 7 jahan par ye dono curve aapke touch kar rahe hain jo point aapka A tha.
[29:17]A par hi hai. Lekin ab kya kiya wahan jab ye dekha ki US jo hai wo comparatively advantageous hai in the production of aircraft toh wo zyada resources aircraft ki taraf lagayega aur wo aircraft 15 produce karega aur sirf ek textile produce karega. Kyunki textile usko bohut mehnga padh raha hai production.
[34:07]China ki taraf aaiye. China ab kitna consume kar raha hai? Seven. Theek hai? Produce kitna kar raha hai? 13. Kitne axis hain? Six. Yani six textile unit of textile ab wo export kar dega US ko. Theek hai?
[34:34]Aur US se uske badle mein six aircraft le lega. Main ne kaha na jo trade hai wo hum maan kar chal rahe hain ki wo common hai 1 is to 1 jaise main ne bataya tha. Jitna ja raha hai utna aa raha hai ye hum maan ke chal rahe hain, humne assumption mein bhi liya tha. Theek hai? Toh isne six US ne six aircraft export kiye aur uske badle mein six unit of textile import kar liya. China par aa jaiye. China ab kitna consume kar raha hai? Seven. Theek hai? Produce kitna kar raha hai? 13. Kitne axis hain? Six. Yani six textile unit of textile ab wo export kar dega US ko. Theek hai? Aur US se uske badle mein six aircraft le lega kyunki wo aircraft itne produce nahi kar pa raha hai usmein wo comparatively advantageous nahi hai. Dusri taraf, aap agar US ki baat karein toh US comparatively advantageous hai in the production of aircraft, so it will produce more aircraft than the textile. Wo zyada aircraft produce karke China ko bech dega aur China se textile le lega. Textile wo produce nahi kar sakta kyunki wo comparatively advantageous nahi hai usmein uski production cost zyada aa rahi hai. Theek hai? Toh isi tarike se ye phir ye kaam karne lagega. Yani trade ye bata rahi hai ab ye ye jo factor endowment theory hai ye ye bata rahi hai. Ki aap jab trade shuru karte hain aur factor endowment kiske paas zyada hai comparative jo relative factor ratio hai jo capital labor ka, wo jiska zyada hoga jis cheez par wo usko export karega zyada bana kar karega. Theek hai? Aur jismein nahi hai wo import kar lega wo. Theek hai?
[36:53]Aur jab import export shuru ho jata hai, international trade shuru ho jayega toh na sirf international trade se countryyan gain karti hain balki unka internal consumption bhi gain hota hai. Yani gains from trade jo kehlata hai wo basically sirf external nahi hai internal bhi hai, pehle 7 aur 6 kar rahe the ab 9 aur 7 kar rahe hain. Theek hai? Yehi gains from trade bhi hota hai. Chaliye theek hai toh ye samajh mein aaya hoga. Lage haathon main aapko iske kuch criticism aur bata doon. Aise hi bata deta hoon kahin se likh lijiye ga. Main do teen cheezein hain jo usko aapko batau. Toh dekhiye agar criticize karne ke liye aap kafi sources mein jayiye aapko bohut saare points mil jayenge aap wahan se notes bana sakte hain.
[37:50]Ismein pehle ye kaha jata hai ki is theory ke banane mein jo predictions hain ya aap keh lijiye jo ek performance li gayi hai wo thodi poor hai. Kyunki ismein assumptions bohut zyada hain aur kuch assumptions aise hain jo ki real life mein nahi aate hain. Agla point isi assumptions par hai.
[38:20]Zyadatar iske criticisms assumptions par hi base karte hain. Ek ismein assumption hai ki labor is employed all the labor is employed. Humne kaha na full employment humne assumption mein liya tha. Dekhiye agar labor full employed hai toh iska matlab ye hai ki us country ke andar concept of unemployment hai hi nahi. Aur aisa real life mein nahi hai har jagah unemployment se lada ja raha hai. Agli baat ye hogi ki ek bilkul hi unrealistic assumption hai ki identical production exists. Dono country ke andar identical production hai. Humne kaha na technological gap bhi same hai aur demand function bhi same hai. Taste preferences ye sab same hai. Ye ye jo technological gap hai isko buri tarah avoid kar diya gaya. Technological gap toh zyadatar countries mein thoda bohut kahin na kahin hai. Exactly same kahin nahi hai, humne toh bilkul same liya hai. Theek hai? Toh ye bhi ek iska drawback hai, ek iska criticism hai. Ek aur kaha jata hai ismein ki ek logical flaws iske andar hai. Jaise capital ko maan kar chale hain ki ye homogeneous hai aur transferable hai between countries, jo reality mein nahi hota. Theek hai? Aur bhi criticism hain aap kitab wagaira se kisi se dekh lijiye ga aur usse notes bana lijiye ga. Kafi lamba ho gaya hai lecture.
[40:09]Toh is video mein itna hi, agar koi problem ho toh mujhe batayiyega comment box mein, main koshish karunga ki aapki problem ko solve karoon. Toh thank you so much.
