[0:03]Hello there class, this is John Alfred, your professor in Logic and Critical Thinking. Now, I decided to prepare a video lecture instead of having synchronous synchronous class with you because I want you to take care of your mental health, for you to take a rest and have a break. Okay? Um I hope you remember the strategy that I taught you on how to take care of your mental health, right? To have a review, here is your Perma strategy. Okay? Uh Perma strategy stands for positive emotions, engagement, relationships, meaning and accomplishment. I hope it's it will be in your fingertips as you go along your journey and please take care of your mental health. Now, let's move on to our discussion on the types of ideas. This is for our fifth week already. I hope you have already gone through your personal notes regarding our um lessons. All right. So regarding the types of ideas, um there are different types of ideas according to first comprehension, second, extension and third, is according to relations. Now, let's talk about types of ideas according to comprehension. Okay, types of ideas according to comprehension, what are these? First, we have simple and compound. These are the types of ideas according to comprehension, um in with regard to structure. What are simple ideas? When we say simple ideas, these are ideas which express a single conceptual feature, applicable to all if not most. For example, being, existence. It is applicable to all things around you. When you look at the trees, when you look at the sky, when you look at the sun, when you look at the light, all of these are existing. So when you say existence, it naturally deals refers with all this stuff around you. Okay? When you say compound, compound ideas, these are ideas which express several conceptual elements or features. Um example of examples of compound ideas are man, computer. Okay? Um when you think of man, there are several conceptual features, um like for example, man is rational, man is an rational animal. So, when you put all these several conceptual elements or features together, you think of man. Okay? Another example here is computer. Okay, it has a lot of conceptual features like electronic, processing and device. As I have discussed in the previous lessons, right? Um when you remove one of these elements, this may not this may no longer refer to computer. As for example, electronic device, there are a lot of electronic devices, right? Like for example, refrigerator, um cell phone. Um but when you say electronic processing device, this may pertain to computer. So that is just a simple simple tip to remember. If we refer to several conceptual elements or features, we refer to a compound idea. Okay? Now, another type of ideas according to comprehension is what we call the one and the multiple. The types according to general view. Okay? What do we mean when we say one? Um it expresses one thing, nature or formal feature. Obviously, it is in the it is in the um term itself, one. Okay? Um for example, man or house. When you say multiple, it expresses explicitly a thing as modified by another thing. Okay, as for example, poor man and three story house. Now, here, note, take note in this example that man is the thing and there is a modifier. Okay, which is the adjective here, which is poor, right? So when you when you put the thing and the modifier together, you create a multiple idea.
[4:30]So poor man. Another here is a three-story house, no? So, the thing here being modified is the house and the modifier is the three-story. So if you put the modifier and the thing modified, you create here a multiple idea. Simple, right? One and multiple, simple. It is in the terminology itself. Another type of idea is concrete and abstract. Okay? It refers to the the um existence of a subject to which a a thing in H. Okay? For example, concrete. When you say concrete ideas, these are ideas with a subject. Um examples in the PowerPoint, we have hunger and itch. Okay? So when you think of the word hunger, you you must necessarily think of a person who is experiencing hunger. You can think of a child in the streets who is experiencing hunger, um a beggar who does not have food and has not eaten for days. That is what you call that is what you call a metaphysical reality. Because there is a subject. Another example of a concrete idea is itch. Okay, pangangati, no? Um when you think of the word itch, necessarily you must have a subject, a human person who feels that itch. Okay? Na nangangati na tao. Okay? So these are concrete ideas because there is a subject to which they in her. Another type of idea is what we call abstract. When you say abstract, it expresses only a nature or a formal feature without a subject. Okay? So you can think of uh these abstract terms without thinking of a subject to which it in herse. Example is justice and religiosity. Okay? So when you think of religiosity, you can think of religiosity even without thinking of human persons. When you say, when you think of for example, when you think of um of hope, okay, the virtue of hope. or the virtue of wisdom, you don't need to think of human persons in order for you to grasp the meaning of these things because they are abstract. Necessarily, they do not necessarily have a subject. All right? Another types of types of ideas according to comprehension is absolute and relative. All right? Um these refer to the categorization of ideas according to the relation to another comprehension. Example, for absolute, we have man, animal, and minerals. Okay? Absolute ideas are those which exist in itself and for itself. Okay, man, animal, minerals, they can stand alone. But when you say relative, these are ideas which necessarily bears a relation to something else. Right? For example, substitute teacher. You cannot think of a substitute teacher without associating it with a full-time or permanent teacher. Okay? Um another example here is vice president. If there is a vice president, then necessarily there must be a president. Okay? So there is a correlation with another uh another thing or another comprehension. All right? So, I hope you could think of examples of absolute and relative ideas on your own. Now, those are the types of ideas according to comprehension. First is, we have simple and compound. The uh these types of comprehension types according to structure, simple and compound. Um we also talked about one and multiple. We also talked about concrete and abstract and we also talked about absolute and relative. Now, we move on to the types of ideas according to extension. Now, what are the types of ideas according to extension? First is singular. A singular idea is one which applies to a single member of a class. Okay? Example, the President of the Republic of the Philippines. That President is one, one, okay, is singular. Um diamond. Diamond is the hardest mineral. In the class of minerals, okay, there is only one hardest mineral and that is diamond. Okay? In the class of government officials, there is only one president of the Republic of the Philippines. All right? So think of your examples on your own. Now, we also have the second type according to extension, which is universal. When you say universal, it applies individually to all members of a class. All right? So, example here, we have um car, which is applicable to different brands or names of car. Like, for example, uh for Toyota Fortuner, Everest, SUV, sedan. Okay? Um these are types of cars. Another example is wine. Okay? So when you think of wine, this is applicable to um different brands of wine such as Novellino, Mompo, Okay? Um Merlot, Chardonnay, Shiraz. Right? Um these applies individually to all members of a class. That is what you call universal idea.
[11:24]The third type of ideas according to extension is what we call particular. Particular applies to some members of a class. Okay? For example, half a dozen, quarter of a century, several ladies, few devotees. Okay? These are only parts of the whole. Okay? When you say particular, it is part of the whole. Okay? Um then last, then we also have that uh the collective, okay, collective ideas. Collective ideas are those that apply to all members of a class counted as one. Okay? Like for example, a team, a team, it has different members, but uh they are counted only as one. There is a name for that team. All right? Um for example, Paulinians, no? When you say Paulinians, that is a team, that is a group of all Paulinians or Paulinian students or teachers or faculty, no? Um those who who study or teach at St. Paul College of Ilocos Sur, um that is the name for the collective term for all the members of that class. Another example is BSN batch 2025. So if you think of yourself as a member of that batch, then that would be considered as a collective term. Okay, you are a member of that batch. Another example is Christendom. When you say Christendom, it applies to all members of the, um, all adherents of the Christian faith. All those who follow Christ. Okay, collective, right? Another example here is transcendental. Transcendental ideas is um is that idea which applies to all members of all classes. Example, being and truth. As I have I have told you a while ago, when you say being, uh that means existence, right? All of our all of the things that you look around that that you um find around you are considered as being. They are existing. Okay? Um for example, your ideas, you yourself, uh the light, okay? Uh the trees, the plants, the animals. All of these are being. Kaya transcendental siya kasi nag-a-apply siya sa lahat ng bagay sa universe. Okay? So, those are the types of ideas according to extension. First is singular, it applies to a single member of a class. Okay? Isang miyembro. Pangalawa is universal. It applies individually to all members of a class. Okay? Third is particular, it applies to some members of a class or a part of the whole. When you say collective, it applies to all members of a class counted as one. Okay? And transcendental, it applies to all members of all classes. Okay? And the third categorization is types of ideas according to relation. Okay? What are these types, what are these types of ideas according to relation? First, we have identical and equivalent. Okay? What is the difference between identical and equivalent? Di ba parang magkapareho lang yung mga terms na yan, pero magkaiba talaga sila ng definitions. When you say identical, this has totally the same conceptual frameworks. Magkaparehong-magkapareho, identical. No? Like, for example, 3 + 2 and 2 + 3 in mathematics, this is what we call commutative, di ba? Parehong-pareho. 3 + 2 and 2 + 3. Pinagbaliktad mo lang pero parehong-pareho. Uh God and equals absolute being. Sino yung absolute being? God, di ba? Magkaparehong-magkapareho. When you say um sun, as in S O N, and male offspring, no? Male offspring is totally the same as sun. It refers totally uh identically to the sun. Okay? A daughter and a female offspring. When you say female offspring, it is a daughter. When you say daughter, it is a female offspring. So identical talaga sila. Magkaparehong-magkapareho. But when you say equivalent, uh equivalent, these are ideas with different conceptual features, although they are the same. They are basically the same, but somewhat different, no, somewhat different. Yan yung tinatawag natin na equivalent. Okay? Examples in your PowerPoint, 5 times 1 and 4 + 1. Okay? 5 5 times 1 is 5. 4 + 1 is 5. Di ba? Um magkaparehong magkapareho yung sagot pero yung mga conceptual features magkaiba. Kasi yung una ginamitan niya ng multiplication, yung pangalawa ginamitan niya ng addition. Di ba? Another example, salt and NaCl or sodium chloride, no? Magkaparehong magkapareho lang yan, isang bagay lang yung tinutukoy. Ah yung asin or yung salt at saka yung NaCl yung symbol uh yung um symbol ng uh ng salt, no? Um in the periodic table. Di ba? So, um magkaparehong magkapareho sila pero they are somewhat different because of that different conceptual uh features. Okay? Um the first one is the layman's term, salt. Yung pangalawa that is the um scientific uh symbol. Okay? NaCl. Another type of uh ideas according to relation is is pertinent and impertinent. Okay? So, ano ba yung uh yung pertinent and impertinent? Okay, ito naman yung mga ideas na magkaiba, may magkaibang objects, no? Pero related sila. Okay? What are pertinent ideas? Pertinent ideas are those that are somehow related to each other. For example, freedom and responsibility. Okay? Freedom, kalayaan, responsibility, your sense of duty. Um they are related, di ba? Related. Okay, because you cannot have absolute freedom. Kailangan mo ring maging responsible. Hindi, hindi lang naman na puro ka duty or obligation. Dapat meron ka ding freedom or kalayaan. Okay? So these two are are related to each other. Another example there is food and drinks. Okay? Um, pag may pagkain ka, naturally you should have a drink, panulak. What else? Examples of uh pertinent ideas, we have love and hatred. Okay? Um, love and hatred. Well, magka-opposite sila, Sir, yung love at saka hatred. Di ba? Pero, they are related to each other, no? Um, related pa rin sila. Kasi yung yung uh hatred uh it is the opposite of uh love. Okay? Um pwede mo ring sabihin na ano, um what else? Um simple and complex. Okay? Um easy and difficult. Kahit na magkasalungat yung mga ideas na yan, even if they are um somewhat different, they are related, related sila. Pero iba na yung pinag-uusapan natin kapag impertinent ideas. Okay? What do we mean when we say impertinent ideas? These are ideas which are neither related nor opposed to each other. Wala talagang ka-connect-connect yung mga bagay na walang ka-connect-connect. Okay? Walang relations. For example, toothpaste and rooster. Anong connect nung rooster doon sa toothpaste, di ba? Anong connect nung toothpaste doon sa rooster? Another example is yung love and clear water. Oh, anong kinalaman ng pag-ibig doon sa malinaw na tubig? No? Anong kinalaman ng malinaw na tubig doon sa pag-ibig? All right? So, these are ideas which are really not related at all. Kahit na magka-opposite man lang sila, walang ka-connect-connect. Okay? So that is the difference, guys, between pertinent and impertinent ideas. When you say pertinent, um hindi ibig sabihin na magkasalungat na yung mga ideas na yun, eh hindi na sila pertinent. Okay? The mere fact that they are opposite, that that shows a relation between them. Okay? Related sila. Okay? Another type of ideas according to relation is compatible and incompatible. Ano yung ibig sabihin ng compatible? When we say compatible, these are ideas with features that may exist in a subject. Okay? Mapwedeng, mapwedeng sila mag-co-exist, no? For example, beauty and intelligence. Oh, when you think of Katrina Gray, she's both beautiful and intelligent. So, yung beauty and intelligence, they can co-exist in one person. Okay? Another example here is faith and reason. Yung pananampalataya sa Diyos at saka yung reason, yung pangangatwiran ng tao. Okay? So, sabi ng sabi ng philosophy philosophers, um pwede daw mag-exist. Pwede daw mag-co-exist yung uh yung pag-iisip ng tao, yung science at saka yung pananampalataya. These may co-exist, kaya compatible sila. The other type of idea is incompatible. Ano naman yung incompatible ideas? These are ideas with features that may not co-exist in a subject. Hindi, hindi sila pwedeng magsama. No? Ah tulad ng ibang ng ibang ideas na hindi talaga pwedeng magsama. Mga ibang tao, hindi din pwedeng magsama. So, what are these incompatible ideas? Okay? An example here is beauty and ugliness. Okay? Uh, when you say Catriona Gray is beautiful, you cannot say Catriona is ugly, no? Ah, incompatible, incompatible yan. Hindi sila pwedeng magsama. No? Um, when when you say that shape is a square, uh that shape cannot be a circle. You cannot say na na bilog yung bagay na yun. Okay? Uh when you say that your room is dark, you cannot say that your room is at the same time bright, no? Because darkness and light are incompatible ideas. No? So, uh, ayan yung ibig sabihin ng compatible, incompatible. When you say compatible, they can co-exist. Pag incompatible, they cannot co-exist in one subject. Another, there are also types of incompatible ideas, no? What are these types of incompatible ideas? Number one, contradictory ideas, no? What do we mean when we say contradictory? There is a negation. Okay? For example, black and non-black. Okay? Kung baga, nine-negate mo yung black, that is non-black. Hindi siya black. Another example is open and non-open. Okay? Bukas siya at hindi siya bukas. Okay? So, uh most often than not, it it is a it is it is indicated by the word non. Okay, the prefix non, N O N. Okay? Kasi may negation siya, so that is contradictory. Those are contradictory ideas. The other type of of incompatible concepts are what we call contrary. Okay? So, guys, take note, magkaiba yung contradictory at saka contrary. Kapag contradictory negation, that means you make use of the prefix non, N O N. Kapag contrary, they are ideas that indicate opposition. Okay? May pagkasalungat, magkontra sila. For example, black and white. They are extreme opposites. Another example, open, closed. Another example, up, down. Okay? Magkasalungat. Those are contrary ideas. The third types of type of incompatible concepts or ideas is what we call privative ideas. What are privative ideas? These are ideas which indicate absence of a thing. All right?
[27:57]So, when you say um site and blindness, no? Blindness, it is the absence of sight. No? Kaya kapag site and blindness, uh these are considered as privative ideas. Another example, another example is goodness and evil, di ba? Evil is the absence of goodness. Okay? What else? Um love and indifference. Okay? Pag-ibig at saka yung pagiging manhid, no? Pagiging manhid or indifference is the absence of love. All right? So these are what we call privative concepts. And last but not the least, we have correlative ideas. Okay, the the fourth type of incompatible concepts is correlative. When you say correlative, these it indicates complementariness. Okay? Example here is man and woman. Okay? It indicates something like a partnership, no? Magkapartner yung mga concepts na 'to. Man is a partner of a woman. Meron silang complementariness. All right? Ayan. So, those are the types of incompatible ideas. Some rules to take note, guys. When, uh when we talk about contradictory ideas, this is the rule, no? If one is true, the other is false, and if the other is false, the other is true. Okay? So, parating magkakacontradiction yan. Kapag sinabi mong, the shirt is black, ah hindi mo pwedeng sabihin na the shirt is non-black. Kasi kinokontra mo yung sarili mo kapag sinasabi mo yun, di ba? When you when you have contradictory ideas, you cannot say that one is true and the other is also true. Okay? Kailangan kapag tama yung isa, mali yung isa, yung yung kabila. Okay? For example, the shirt is black, the shirt is non-black. If the statement the shirt is black is true, the shirt is non-black, uh that that statement is false. Okay? All right? Now what about for contrary ideas? Ano yung rule natin sa contrary ideas? Sabi dito, if one is true, the other is false, but not vice-versa. Okay? Kapag sinabi mong, the shirt is black, Okay, um the shirt is black. Kapag sinabi mong the shirt is white, tama ba yun? Not necessarily. It is doubtful, yung sagot doon, doubtful. Bakit? Kasi pwede namang red yung t-shirt mo, pwede namang uh pwede namang green or blue or yellow yung t-shirt mo. Okay? All right? So that is the difference, guys, between contradictory ideas and contrary ideas. So, um when we have synchronous class, uh in the following week, um I know you will have a lot of questions regarding this contradictory and contrary ideas. Um, feel free to ask me in our synchronous discussion and uh um I may I request you to please um answer your quiz to submit them promptly and punctually. Okay? Um I will be um sending the link in the Google Classroom, um after you have watched this uh lecture, please submit your quiz. So I hope you enjoyed our discussion. I hope you have retained something in your head and if during the course of your quiz, you can go back to the slides, no? So that you will be able to um remember the distinctions between the types of ideas. Okay?
[32:51]So if you have any questions regarding life, regarding religion, regarding philosophy, feel free to ask me, so that we will have something to discuss about. Um, as I have told you before, logic is only a tool, no? Um, it is only a tool for our critical thinking. So, if you have a lot of questions in your mind, feel free to ask me. Okay? So take care of yourself, take care of your mental health. Stay safe, pray always and um enjoy your studies. Okay?
[33:46]Persevere in your studies. Okay?
[33:53]Um, wishing you all a wonderful week ahead. Goodbye and thank you.
