[0:00]So let's get started as we come on to the third topic of this unit four that is static electricity. First of all, humne padha tha simple magnetism, secondly humne kya padha current electricity ab hamara third topic hai static electricity. Dekho electricity ke bacho do parts hote hain static electricity aur current electricity. First jo hai current electricity humne padh liya hai, ab second part pe aate hain that is static electricity. Static electricity basically deals with charges at rest, theek hai. To ab first of all isme hum dekhte hain ki insulator aur conductor ke beech mein difference kya hota hai. Insulator ke paas free electrons nahi hote theek hai Insulator has no free electrons to move. But conductor ke paas free electrons hote hain ya delocalized electrons hote hain jo ki move kar sakte hain theek hai. Ab insulator aur conductor ko charge karne ke methods bhi different different hote hain. First of all, hum dekhte hain insulator ko kaise charge karna hai. Insulator ko hum charge karte hain by a method called charging by friction theek hai aur insulator kya kya cheeze hoti hai glass wool is tarah ki cheeze theek hai. Ab charging by friction mein hum kya karte hain ki we rub the two insulators together theek hai. Hum dono insulators ko jo hain woh rub karte hain together and rubbing se ye hota hai ki heat energy produce hoti hai. Aur heat energy produce hone ki wajah se electrons kya hote hain excited ho jate hain. Ab jab electrons excited ho jate hain to electrons jo hain woh ek insulator se dusre insulator ke surface pe move kar jate hain. Abhi hum iski diagram bhi dekhenge so be relaxed isko detail mein dekhenge. Achha chalo iski diagram ye hai ki first of all, hamare paas do insulator hain. Ye glass hai, ye wool hai. Dono initially neutral hain, matlab dono ke paas same number of charges hain, matlab five positive charges glass ke paas hain aur five negative charges glass ke paas hain. To this is overall initially neutral. Ab wool ko agar dekhen jo ki insulator hi hai uske paas bhi paanch positive aur paanch negative charges hain to woh bhi overall neutral hai. Theek hai. Ab jab aap isko rub karna shuru hoge to kya produce hogi? Heat energy. Theek hai. Heat energy se kya hoga? Heat energy se electrons excite honge, abhi humne padha aur electrons excite honge to they will move from one surface, one surface to another simple. To ab dekhte hain kuch steps iske kya kya honge. First step mein dono neutral hain, theek hai. Ab next step dekhte hain. After rubbing electrons jo hain woh ek surface se dusri surface pe aa jayenge. Suppose karo electrons jo hain woh wool se move karke wool se move karke glass pe chale gaye hain. Ab ye aapki yahan pe apni choice hai, aap dusri taraf bhi arrow mark kar sakte the, aap ye bhi keh sakte the glass se wool pe chale gaye, theek hai. Humne ye assume kar liya ke wool se electron glass pe chale gaye theek hai. Jab wool se electron glass pe gaye to glass ke sare positive charges jo the woh neutralize ho gaye theek hai. Aur electrons jo hain agar wool se gaye to yahan pe kaun se sirf charges baj gaye? Positive. To wool kya ho gayi? Positively charged aur glass kya ho gaya? Negatively charged theek hai. Hua kya basically? Hua ye ke jo negative charges the wool ke woh transfer ho gaye towards glass yahan pe negative charges aa gaye five to inhone in positives ko cancel kar diya to glass pe overall kaun sa charge bach gaya? Negative and glass becomes negative aur jab ye sare negative charges wool se glass pe transfer honge to wool pe sirf kaun sa charge reh jayega? Positive theek hai.
[3:59]Achha isme ek important cheez ye remember karne wali hai ke both materials must acquire equal and opposite charge.
[4:10]Matlab agar glass ka charge plus one hai to wool ka charge minus one hi hoga. Minus two nahi ho sakta this would be wrong theek hai. Dono ke charges equal aur opposite honge theek hai and one more thing to remember here is that ke agar aap dono materials ko jyada tezi se rub karoge ya greater force se rub karoge to there will be more heat energy produced theek hai aur more heat energy produced hogi to kya hoga? More electrons excite honge, more electrons excite honge to jyada charge ka magnitude hoga theek hai. Now let's look at an example ya theory ke like charges aapko pata hai ki they repel to minus ki agar negative charge ki agar aap glass rod ek negative charge ki wool ke saath laoge to they will repel theek hai. Unlike charges achha basically ye do do alag alag cheeze hain. So first of all, I forgot to mark pluses here theek hai. Aapko do cheeze yaad rakhni hai, unlike charges attract each other to agar wool jo hai woh overall positive charge ki hogi aur glass negative charge ka hoga to they will attract each other. However, agar jo hai aapki glass bhi jo positive charge ki hogi aur ek aur iske samne glass rod laoge positive charge ka to they will repel each other. Basically, to sum it up mere kehne ka matlab ye hai ki opposite charges will attract and like charges jaise ke positive positive ya negative negative will repel towards repel away from each other theek hai. Abhi tak humne padha ke how to charge insulators. Kis tarah karte the charging by friction se. Ab we will see how to charge conductors. Conductors ko kis method se charge karte hain? Charging by induction theek hai. Ab charging by induction ke bhi kuch steps hain jaise charging by friction ke kuch steps the theek hai. The first of all, let's suppose we have a neutral conducting sphere is tarah this is a neutral conducting sphere. And we want it positively charged. Ab humein is neutral conducting sphere ko jo ke ek metal hai, humein ise positively charge karna hai. To hum kya karenge? First of all, we will bring a negatively charged insulator rod towards it theek hai. Humein is neutral sphere ko jo ke metal sphere hai isko humein negatively charge positively charge karna hai. To hum kya karenge? Ek to humein ye baat pata hai na ke ye metal hai to hum isse charging by friction se nahi kar sakte. To iske liye hum use karenge charging by induction. Ab charging by induction mein first step ye hoga ki hum ek negatively charged rod layenge is neutral sphere ke kareeb. Kyun negatively charge layenge? Kyunki humein is sphere ko positively charge banana hai theek hai. Agar humein sphere ko negatively charge banana hota negatively charged sphere chahiye hota to hum kaunsi rod late iske kareeb? Iske kareeb hum positively charge rod late theek hai. Clear hai? Opposite charges ki rod laoge. Ab jab aap iske kareeb negatively charged rod laoge since aapko is overall sphere ko positively charge banana hai to kya hoga? Initially jo neutral sphere tha jisme same number of positive aur negative charges the usme kya hoga? Jo positive charges the plus wale woh negative ki taraf attract kar jayenge aur negative wale repel kar jayenge theek hai. To isme kya hua charges jo hain woh separate ho gaye jab aapne ek negative insulating rod ek neutral sphere ki taraf laye theek hai. Charges separate. Ab second step mein kya hoga? Second step mein hum ek copper wire laga denge is sphere ke saath dekho yahan pe lagi hui hai. Jab aap ek copper wire lagaoge sphere ke saath to yahan pe jo initially electron the they will move through the copper wire to the ground. Ye basically earthing ka process hota hai theek hai. This is also called earthing. Earthing ho gayi to aapke sare electrons jo hain woh towards the ground chale gaye. Ab jab electrons sare towards the ground chale gaye to is sphere ka only charge kaun sa bacha? Positive. To ye sphere jo hai abhi se positively charge ho gaya hai. Lekin abhi bhi ek masla hai, masla ye hai ke ye sare positive charges jo hain woh is side align hai spread out nahi hue so let's solve that as well. To third step mein basically aap kya karoge? Third step mein you will remove the you will remove the copper wire theek hai, you will remove the copper wire theek hai, kyunki earthing ho gayi hai aur fourth step mein aap kya karoge? Fourth step mein aap charged insulator bhi hata doge jo ki negatively charged aapne pehle rakha tha. Isse hoga kya? Jab aap charged insulator hataoge to ye jo positive charges hain jo positive charges hain ye teen ye like charges hain ye ek dusre se repel karenge repel karenge and they will spread out in the case jab ye rod hat chuki hogi theek hai. So I hope it is clear. Ab isme ek aur baat hai jo ki mujhe aapko batani hai that is ke agar hum jo hai apne sphere ko apne sphere ko negatively charge karna chah rahe hote. Abhi to hum positively charge karna chah rahe the agar negatively charge karna chah rahe hote to hum pehle kaunsi rod late? Yahan pe late hum positively charge rod theek hai. Positively charge rod late to yahan pe kaun se charges accumulate ho jate? Negative theek hai. To kya hota? To agar hum earthing karte to agar hum earthing karte let's suppose ke main yahan pe let me see here ke humein negatively charge karna tha na to maine negatively charge ki bhi drawings banai hui hain yes here theek hai. Ab agar negatively charge karna tha humein sphere to steps wohi rahenge first of all neutral sphere hoga, secondly aap positively charged insulating rod laoge jisse charges separate ho jayenge, negative ek taraf aa jayenge positive ek taraf aa jayenge theek hai.
[9:57]Phir aap kya ek copper ki earth wire laoge. Ab aapko idhar ek baat dhyan mein rakhni hai ke hamesha jab bhi earth wire lagate ho to electrons move karte hain, positive charge nahi move karte negative charge move karte hain. To jab aap earth wire lagaoge to earth se kuch electrons neutral jo sphere hai uski taraf aayenge aur in positive charges ko neutralize kar denge theek hai. Kya hoga? Jo earth se electron aayenge upar aur ye positively charges ko neutralize kar denge. Pichli wali mein ulta tha pichli wali mein kya tha ke aapke electrons jo hain woh towards the earth wire neeche ki taraf ja rahe the from the sphere towards the ground ja rahe the.
[11:15]Isme kya ho raha hai electrons are moving from ground to sphere to make the overall conducting sphere negatively charged. Simple hai theek hai. Agar phir bhi aapko nahi samajh aaya so you can ask me in the comment. Phir kya hoga ke earthing wire remove ho jayegi aur rod agle step mein remove ho jayegi simple. Define the term conduction, conduction kis tarah define karoge? Conduction is basically defined as the separation of charges within a conductor by using the influence of a charged insulator. Ye teen key points hain isme theek hai. Ab hum ek aur cheez padhte hain ki how to charge two conducting spheres both of which are neutral in the beginning. Abhi humne kya padha? Ek conducting sphere ko kis tarah charge karna hai either positively or negatively charged. Ab conducting sphere jo hai woh conductor hota hai to hum isse charge kis se karte hain charging by induction se. Itni baatein sari clear hongi I hope so ab tak. To ab hum charge karte hain do conducting sphere ko ek saath. First of all, ye dono neutral honge, positive jitne charges hain utne hi negative charges hain. Idhar bhi jitne positive charges hain utne hi negative charges hain. First step ye hoga ke hum dono spheres ko close together layenge is tarah A and B, let's label them A and B theek hai. Phir hum kya karenge? Phir hum ek charged insulating rod ko iske paas leke aayenge dono sphere ko to hoga kya? Jab aap ek charged insulation rod laoge to this will cause separation of charges jaise ke pichle wale cases mein humne dekha hai. Within the two spheres theek hai. Positive charges will move into B matlab B mein aa jayenge sare positive charges aur sare negative charges repel karke kidhar chale jayenge A mein chale jayenge simple theek hai. Kyunki like charges repel each other and unlike charges attract each other theek hai. Phir step three mein kya hota hai? Step three mein hum in dono spheres ko ek dusre se move kar dete hain theek hai thodi space de dete hain. Step four mein kya hota hai? Finally the rod is removed and the spheres and the spheres further away theek hai. Ab jab aapne spheres ko aapne step three mein move kar diya step four mein kya karoge? Rod bhi move kar doge. Theek hai, rod ko bhi move kar doge aur step four aapka ye aa jayega theek hai. Ab jab aapne rod remove kar di to simple wohi wali logic lagao jo pehle lagai thi jab rod remove kar di to ye sare positive charges jo the woh like charges the to ek dusre se repel hoke spread out ho gaye theek hai. Similarly yahan pe negative charges jo the woh like charges the ek dusre se spread out ho ke pure ek dusre se repel hoke spread out ho gaye simple theek hai. Aur ek aur cheez kya karoge yaar? Diagram mein hamesha insulating handle bana diya karo kyunki ye safety ke liye hote hain and this makes it easier for you to carry these conducting spheres anywhere you want theek hai. Ab aa jao hamare next sub topic pe that is electrical field. Electric field basically hoti kya hai pehle to uski definition dekh lete hain. Electric field ab isme kuch important words hain jo aapko examination mein likhne honge as a region around a charge particle. Ye bahut important hai. Where other charge particles if placed they will experience either an attractive force or a repulsive force. Basically electric field woh jagah hai jahan pe agar aap ek aur charge particle place karo to they will either experience a repulsive or an attractive force simple theek hai. How to represent an electric field by constructing electric field lines simple theek hai. Ab how are electric field lines constructed? To electric field line construct karte waqt humein kuch do teen points ka khayal rakhna hai. Electric field lines hamesha positive charge se nikalti hain aur negative charge mein enter hoti hain. Theek hai? They appear to be coming out of positive charge and going into a negative charge. These are some basic points jo aapko remember karne chahiye jab aap electric field bana rahe ho theek hai. Now kuch electric field ki diagrams dekhte hain theek hai. Ab positive charge ka humne padha ke positive charge se electric field lines nikal rahi hoti hain. To agar ek single positive charge ke around electric field draw karne ke liye aayegi to aap kuch is tarah banaoge. Similarly negative charge ke around agar aayegi to kya hoga? Yehi banegi lekin arrows invert ho jayenge dekho ye rahi. Ab electric field line between a positive and a negative charge aayegi to kya karoge? Positive se lines nikaloge aur towards negative leke jaoge theek hai. Ye diagrams aapko memorize honi chahiye theek hai. Ye is tarah ek straight lines bhi yahan pe nikaloge positive ki taraf se aur negative mein straight line andar ja rahi hogi theek hai. Ab ek electric field line banate hain between like charges matlab two positive and two negative. Ye to unlike charges ke beech mein thi na, two positive aur two negative ke beech mein bana rahe hain to kya hoga two like charges ke beech mein bana rahe hain to kya hoga? Repel karti hui jayengi theek hai. Ye meet nahi karengi ek dusre ko theek hai. To ye jo jab aap like charges ke beech mein banate ho na electric field line to ek point aata hai beech mein X ye dekho yahan pe X mark kiya hua hai ye X mark kiya hua hai this is null point. Idhar koi bhi electric field act nahi kar rahi hoti aur idhar particle agar aap place karoge to woh koi force experience nahi karega. Kyun ek null point banta hai? Kyunki ye dono charges jo hain woh like charges hain and like charges repel each other. Isliye un dono ki fields jo hain ek dusre ko kaati nahi hain theek hai. And hence we get a point X that is a null point jidhar koi force nahi lagti theek hai. Achha fifth type of electric field jo exam mein kabhi kabhar aati hai woh tab aati hai jab aap positive terminal of battery ek metal plate se connect karte ho aur negative terminal of battery ek aur metal plate se connect karte ho. Switch band karoge to kya hoga? Positive charges will move on to the A plate and negative charges will move on to the B plate. Ab positive se negative charges ki electric field kis tarah banti thi? Positive se nikalti thi aur negative ki taraf jaati thi simple logic hai theek hai. Yahi humne banana hai. Ye maine yahan pe description mein bhi aapko describe kar diya hai. When the switch is closed the metal plate A which is connected to the positive terminal of the battery will acquire positive charges as shown and similarly the metal plate B which is connected to the negative terminal of the battery will acquire negative charge as shown. Since we know that electric field lines go from positive to negative hence the field lines can be constructed as shown above simple. Achha ab next sawal pe aate hain. Dekho two metal plates hain A and B. A ko positive charge diya hua hai, B ko negative charge diya hua hai aur ek neutral sphere place kiya hua hai within between these two plates. Ab sawal kya aa raha hai? Show the charge distribution on this neutral sphere. Ab agar yahan pe positive plate hai to ye jo left side hai sphere ka uss pe kaunse charges aa jayenge? Negative charges theek hai. Ab B jo hai woh negative plate hai to right side of the sphere pe kaun se charges aa jayenge? Positive charges simple theek hai. Aur second sawal kya hai? Construct the electric field lines in this region simple hai, positive se negative jaati rahengi theek hai, positive se negative jaati rahengi. One more thing to consider here is that thodi thodi ye lines jo hain na woh bend ho jayengi theek hai is tarah bend hoke jayengi. Kyun jayengi is tarah bend hoke? Kyunki ye jo positive charge hai na ye negative ki taraf attract ho raha hoga to isliye ye bend hoga thoda. Similarly ye positive wala yahan pe jo charge hai sphere pe this will get attracted to the negative one to ye away bend hona shuru hoga. Dekho jab aapne sirf simple plate pe banai thi to seedhi seedhi lines thi ab thoda thoda bend hona shuru hongi. Kyunki sphere ke charges jo hain woh distort karenge these field lines ko theek hai. To aap basically agar exam mein aapko ye banane aayegi to you distort these lines somewhat dekho ye maine thodi thodi tedhi banai hui hai andar ki taraf. So this is an important point to remember here. Now let's move on to the next question. The diagram shows a small positively charged sphere hanging between two metal plates A and B. A is positively charged, B is negatively charged theek hai. Suggest and explain what happens to the sphere when it is released. Kya hoga sphere ko when it is released? To sphere jo hai woh positively charged hai to woh fatfat se idhar foran hi react karna shuru ho jayega. Oh sorry, attract karna shuru ho jayega B ki taraf. Ye dekho yahan pe ye likha hua hai. It will get attracted to B or come in contact with B or move to the right theek hai. Ya aap ye keh sakte ho ke repulsion aayegi from plate A kyunki ye dekho positive charges hain iske paas bhi aur A ke paas bhi positive charges hain to A jo hai isse dur dhakka degi ya aap ye keh sakte ho ya aap ye keh sakte ho ki ye B se attract hoga. Similarly koi bhi aap answer likh sakte ho theek hai. Suggest why after some time the sphere will get repelled away from plate B. Dekho ab jab after some time kya hoga ke ye jo positive charges hain na sare they will get neutralized by the negative charges on the plate theek hai. After some time kya hoga beta ye jo positive charges hain ye jab aapki ball jo hai woh yahan pe aa jayegi thread ke saath to ye kya hoga aahiste aahiste these negative charges will neutralize all the positive charge. And in the end, in the end kya hoga? Aapka jo ye sphere hai woh negatively charged ho jayega. Ab jab aapka sphere negatively charged ho gaya aur plate B pe bhi negative charges hain to kya hoga? Repulsion shuru ho jayegi theek hai. And this sphere will start to move towards the left side aur repulsion karna shuru ho jayega theek hai. Yahi yahan pe maine likha hua hai. The negative charges of plate B will neutralize the positive charges on the sphere simple yahi discuss kiya humne. Now some negative charges will transfer from plate B onto the sphere making the sphere acquire negative charge. Since like charges repel, hence sphere move away from plate B simple theek hai. Ab ye aa jao dusre sawal pe the diagram shows a sphere placed between two metal plates. Ek sphere hai jo ki placed kiya hua hai between two plates. A ko humne positive charge diya hai, B ko negative charge diya hai. Suggest why the sphere must be neutral, positively charged or negatively charged if you want it to remain stationary in its position.
[21:31]Basically sawal ye hai ke ye aapko ek sphere diya hua hai. Ab woh puch raha hai examiner ke batao ye sphere negatively charged hoga, positively charged hoga ya neutral hoga? For it to remain stationary theek hai. Agar to sphere jo hai negatively charged hoga to hum dekhte hain kya hoga.
[21:50]Agar sphere negatively charged hoga to aapka let me show you something. Agar negatively charged hoga to kya hoga? Weight iska neeche lag raha hoga attraction kya hogi? Towards positive charges. To this will balance out the weight ki force. However, agar aapka jo sphere hai woh neutral hoga to kya hoga? Negative charges of the neutral will attract towards positive, positive will attract towards negative. Dekh rahe ho neeche ki taraf do forces hain, upar ki taraf ek forces hain to this will not remain stationary agar ye neutral hoga theek hai. Ab agar ye positively charged hoga to iske positive charges jo hain woh to negative se attract karenge hi karenge plate B se aur iska weight bhi niche act kar raha hai. To dono forces neeche act kar rahi hain to dekh rahe ho abhi bhi ye stationary nahi hoga. Third scenario jis scenario ko humne pehle bhi discuss kiya that is agar jo sphere hai aapka negatively charged hoga to iska weight to neeche act karega lekin electric attraction jo hai woh upar ki taraf act karegi. To ek force upar ek force niche hence it will remain stationary. Now next up we have some hazards of static electricity which I think is more of a ratta and if you will read this at your home it will be pretty much clear to you theek hai. So I'm leaving this because don't want to make the video too longer. It is simple english mein likha hua hai aap padho jaake and this is a topic that you must learn for the examination theek hai. Ye chhodne wala topic nahi hai this must be learned by heart by you aur this is basic English aap padhoge to samajh aa jayega agar phir bhi kuch unclear hai to you can ask me in the comments below. Now let's move on to our last topic that is applications of static electricity. Second last maine aapko abhi bataya ki this is basically ratta stuff theek hai, hazards of static electricity kya hote hain ye aap basically padhoge aapko samajh aa jayega theek hai. Now let's move on to applications of static electricity. First application jo hamare paas hai that is electrostatic spray painting. Isme hum kya karte hain? Isme jo section humein paint karna hota hai jaise gadi ka koi bhi section jo humein paint karna hota hai usko hum ek positive terminal ke saath laga dete hain battery ke theek hai. Phir hum kya karte hain? Jo spray gun hai paint ki usko hum negative terminal ke saath laga dete hain battery ke theek hai. Ab jo spray gun se jo particles spray honge woh kaun se charges acquire kar lenge? Negative. Kyunki obviously spray gun jo hai woh negative terminal se connected hai. Ab jab paint ke particles jo hain woh negative honge aur aapki jo body hai that is to be painted positive hogi to ye foran attract kar legi in charges ko paint charges ko. To paint kya hoga foran attract ho jayega towards the body evenly spread out ho jayega paint ki bachhat ho jayegi cost bach jayegi. Ye sare benefits aapko mil jayenge through electrostatic spray painting. To iski thodi si jo hai woh step wise working bhi padh lete hain. Since the droplets droplets of paint are negatively charge, hence repulsion between like charges will make them spread out as they travel through the air. Theek hai ye ek bahut bada fayda hai. Spread out ho jayega paint to aapko kya fayda hoga? Aapko jyada paint nahi lagega for painting the same amount of area theek hai. Finally they get attracted towards the positive charges of the car theek hai.
[25:24]Ab aa jao second application pe that is electrostatic precipitator. Ab electrostatic precipitator ka purpose kya hota hai? It is used to remove dust particles, harmful gases so they do not enter the atmosphere simple theek hai. Ab electrostatic precipitator beta lagta hai chimney ke andar theek hai. Chimney ke andar lagta hai kabhi kabhar examiner puch leta hai kahan lagega ye electrostatic precipitator to aap kehoge inside the chimney. Ab karta kya hai ye electrostatic precipitator hai? Jab aapke dust particles achha isme na electrostatic precipitator mein ek plate hoti hai jo ki negative terminal of the battery se connected hoti hai. Ab jab dust particles in contact aayenge na is plate ke to they will become negatively charged theek hai ye dust particles sare negatively charged ban gaye theek hai. Ab jab ye dust particles negatively charged ban gaye to ye achha ab electrostatic precipitator ki ek aur cheez hoti hai theek hai. Ek to ye thi plate jo ki neeche lagi hui thi ya wire jisko keh sakte ho. Wire keh lo it would be better ke ek wire neeche lagi hui thi ek second uski kya hoti hai? Substance keh sakte ho ya component keh sakte ho it would be a better word. Electrostatic precipitator ka second component ye hota hai ki uske paas ek positive plates hoti hain do theek hai jo ki chimney ke saath lagi hoti hain. Ab first of all jo dust particles hain jo ye negative wire ke through jayenge woh negative charges acquire kar lenge. Aur jo ye positive plates hain ye dust particle ko attract karke apni taraf jo hai woh kheech lengi. To kya hoga? Dust particle hawa mein nahi ja sakenge balki in plates ke upar stick kar jayenge. Is tarah electrostatic precipitator prevents dust particle from entering the atmosphere theek hai. Aur kya karta hai? Atmospheric harm se bachata hai basically kyunki dust particles ko enter nahi hone deta atmosphere mein dekho yahan pe ye humne likha hai sari definition. In electrostatic precipitator two metal plates A and B are placed inside the chimney of a factory. These plates are connected with the positive terminal of a battery as shown so that they acquire positive charges. The wire is connected to the negative terminal of the battery so that it acquires negative charges as shown simple. Aur jab dust particles wire ke through jayenge to ye bhi negative ho jayenge aur phir jab negative charges through positive plates jayenge to kya honge? Attract ho jayenge towards positive plates aur stick kar jayenge on these plates simple. Theek hai. So I hope this was clear. This marks the end of our static electricity chapter. Agli videos mein hum diodes aur potential dividers ke bare mein padhenge.
