[0:01]Welcome back guys to our channel. So, this is the Business Law series. So, nasa second part na po tayo ng Nature and Effects of Obligations. Don't forget to subscribe, uh, to be updated on the release of upcoming videos. Also, don't forget to hit the like button if you like this video. So, last time, dinivide natin 'yung mga contents natin dito sa Chapter 2 into two parts. Pero kung mapapansin niyo, nadagdagan po 'yung second part natin. Pero medyo maliit lang naman na um, what do you call this? Maliit lang naman na topic itong Transmissibility of uh, Rights. So, bale isang ano lang 'yan, isang article lang 'yan. Okay? So, before anything else, um, nais ko po lamang ibalikan 'yung kung saan tayo nagtapos. Kung mapapansin n'yo, nagtapos po tayo sa different types of breaches, so 'yan 'yung apat. Okay? Pero this time, um, idedetalye po natin sila. So, ito po 'yung related article or related provision. So, Article 1170. Those who in the performance of their obligations are guilty of fraud, negligence, or delay, and those who in any manner contravene the tenor thereof, are liable for damages. Okay? So, let's start by comparing fraud and negligence. So, we created a table that um, compare fraud, or dolo, and negligence, or culpa. So, the first um, comparison na titingnan natin is with regards to intent. So, number one, sa fraud, there is a deliberate intent to cause damage or injury to another. While in negligence, wala pong uh, deliberate intent na ganun. So, there is only a lack or insufficiency of diligence required in a given situation. So, kung ire-recall natin 'yung diligence, um, kapag silent si problem, Okay? The specific situation will require for you to observe the diligence of a good father of a family. So, that is also called ordinary negligence. Okay? Pero depende 'yan sa situation. May mga certain situations wherein it requires you a certain level of diligence higher than diligence of a good father of a family. Okay? So, such as in a contract of carriage. So, you must um, exercise extraordinary diligence. So, next, in fraud, the liability cannot be mitigated by the court. So, when we say mitigated, mababawasan or malelessen in English. Okay? So, ang fraud, it cannot be mitigated by the court, while negligence, uh, depending on the circumstances, can be mitigated by the court or pwedeng bawasan ng korte. Okay? Lastly, okay, we have the waiver of action for future fraud is void. While in negligence, there are certain instances that waiver of an action for future negligence may be valid. So, sa fraud, absolutely, void po ang waiver of action. So, when we say waiver of action, um, 'yun 'yung kumbaga, um, isese-set aside mo 'yung right mo para kasuhan ang isang tao uh dahil may fraud s'yang ginawa.
[4:01]So, for example, sa isang kontrata, isa sa provision ng isang kontrata ay uh, in case na may mangyaring fraud in the future, bawal mo akong kasuhan. So, 'yung ganung klaseng provision or ganung klaseng stipulation ay bawal po. Hindi po pwedeng gawin gumawa ng ganung klaseng uh, uh, stipulation or provision sa isang contract, dahil ang tawag po doon ay uh, waiver of an action for future fraud. Okay?
[4:31]Pero pagdating naman sa negligence, so pwede pong ah, i-stipulate 'yun or gawing provision. So, depending on the circumstances po 'yun. Okay? Pero, with regards to past fraud, dahil ang binanggit lang naman dito ay future fraud, with regards to past fraud, so, pwede po s'yang ah, i-waive. So, for example, um, gagawa kayo ng panibagong contract, wherein, um,
[4:56]papatatawarin na or papatawarin mo na daw 'yung ah, nakakontrata mo na tao na hindi mo na kumbaga kakasuhan sa korte dahil sa nagawa n'yang past fraud. So, pwede po 'yun, okay, in that case. Okay? So, next.
[5:20]So, may mga instances naman wherein fraud or wherein negligence is equivalent to fraud. So, when is negligence equivalent to fraud? So, when there is gross negligence. So, what do we mean by gross negligence? So, this is the carelessness which is in reckless disregard for the safety or lives of others, and is so great, it appears to be a conscious violation of other people's rights to safety. It is more than simple inadvertence, but it is just shy of being intentionally evil. So, ang source po natin dito ay dictionary.law.com. So, um, in short, 'pag sinabi nating gross negligence, so, kung ang simpleng negligence lang, may kulang kumbaga kinulangan ka sa diligence na ine-exert mo in a given situation.
[6:40]Okay? There's a lack, okay, there's a lack of diligence doon sa required diligence. Okay? So, for example, um, extraordinary diligence, pero ang ine-exert mo lang ay ordinary diligence, so, uh you lack diligence. So, mayroong negligence doon. Pero, um, what if ultimo ordinary negligence, wala kang ine-exert?
[7:18]So, uh, siguro pwede s'yang maging gross negligence in that case. Okay? So, next. So, we have a an illustrative case sa negligence. So, let me read first. Yami is the driver of a carefully driven bus owned by the Black Bulls Incorporated. While traversing a highway, Yami didn't notice Asta (a pedestrian) while crossing a pedestrian lane. Since the bus's speed is not fast, Asta suffered serious but not fatal injuries. Yuno, a passenger of the bus likewise suffered serious but not fatal injuries.
[7:59]What action can Asta and Yuno take against Yami and/or Black Bulls Incorporated?
[8:09]So, next slide, we'll have a table that shows, okay, the different um, types of negligence which are culpa aquiliana, culpa contractual, and culpa criminal. So, in our last video, we mentioned those three, but not in details. Okay? So, in here, um, may mga certain factors tayo na ico-consider. So, um, una, is 'yung object or the source of liability. So, sa culpa aquiliana, the source of the liability is the negligence itself. Okay? So, meaning, um, our source of obligation in here is quasi-delict. Second, culpa contractual. The source of the liability is the breach of contract due to negligence. Okay? So, in here, the source of obligation is is contract. Okay? So, contract po 'yan. And lastly, the source of liability in culpa criminal is a criminal negligence. Okay?
[9:27]So, in here, um, the source of obligation will be uh, delict. Okay? Next, we have the evidence. So, um, in order to prove, okay, or in order to ano, assert the action, for example, you take an action for culpa aquiliana. So, ang needed evidence ay the following. So, under culpa aquiliana, there must be preponderance of evidence as well as culpa contractual. So, when we say preponderance of evidence, so, the more evidence you have with regards to the matter. So, the more likely na you will win the case. However, in culpa criminal, there must be proof beyond reasonable doubt. So, compared to preponderance of evidence, uh, kumbaga tumitingin s'ya sa quality ng evidence that will really point out, uh, that the, uh, that the person is uh, guilty of uh, um, of what uh, action 'yung ginawa n'ya or or anong crime ba 'yung ginawa n'ya, okay? So, kailangan d'yan proof beyond reasonable doubt. So, 'yun lang ang kumbaga, dalawa lang ang, uh, evidence na kailangan dito. So, in culpa aquiliana, both in culpa aquiliana and culpa contractual, parehas lang. Pero pagdating sa culpa criminal, so, we need proof beyond reasonable doubt. So, next, um, existing or existence of pre-existing contract required? So, so sa culpa aquiliana, so, no. Ang kailangan lang actually ng, um, existence of contracts, 'yung culpa contractual. So, hindi mo naman kumbaga ah, hindi mo pwedeng ikaso 'yung culpa contractual kung wala talagang nag-e-exist na contract between you two. Okay? So, in the second, ah, in the third, I mean, in the fourth, I mean, in the fourth factor, so, who may take action? So, sa culpa aquiliana, ah, it may be either Asta or Yuno. So, if we recall doon sa situation, si Asta 'yung pedestrian, while Yuno is the passenger. So, sa culpa aquiliana, ah, ang pino-prove po natin d'yan ay, um, there is negligence. Okay? There is negligence on the part of the driver. So, kumbaga, ah, si Asta and Yuno, sila 'yung entitled with regards to, ah, kung pwede ba nilang ikaso 'yung culpa aquiliana. Pagdating naman sa culpa contractual, si Yuno only. Why? Because, um, Si Yuno lang ang merong contractual relation doon sa ah, bus, ah, bus company. So, s'ya kasi 'yung passenger. So, with regards to Asta kasi, ah, pedestrian lang s'ya. Um, so limited lang s'ya doon sa, ah, culpa aquiliana wherein, ah, your, the source of the liability or 'yung negligence n'ya lang, hindi pwedeng maging culpa contractual 'yun dahil the first place, wala naman silang contractual relation. Pagdating naman sa culpa criminal, just like the culpa aquiliana, si Asta and Yuno ang pwedeng mag-take action. So, next, action taken against. So, ah, in culpa aquiliana, um, so, pwede, pwede mong kasuhan is either Yami, the driver, or the Black Bulls Incorporated, which is the owner of the, ah, of the bus driven by Yami. Or both of them can be prosecuted. Um, okay. Pagdating naman sa culpa criminal, so, it's only Yami, okay? It's only Yami. Okay? Siya lang kasi 'yung kumbaga, if ever merong ano d'yan, um, if ever merong criminal intent d'yan or makakasuhan s'ya criminally or criminally prosecuted, si Yami lang 'yung pwede dahil kumbaga s'ya lang naman 'yung directly involved. Unless, s'yempre, um, may kinalaman d'yan si Black Bulls, pero medyo malayong mangyari 'yun dahil, um, accident, um, kumbaga parang accident lang naman 'tong nangyari 'to. With regards to culpa contractual naman, si Black Bulls Incorporated lang lang 'yung makakasuhan dito. So, bakit? Kasi, um, actually, this, the contract existed not between Yuno and Yami because Yami is only the driver of the bus, but the contract is or the contract existed between Black Bulls Incorporated and the passenger Yuno. Okay? So, therefore, sa culpa contractual, ang kinakasuhan mo d'yan is 'yung bus company mismo. Okay? Next. With regards naman to the defense of, ah, Black Bulls Incorporated. So, under culpa contractual, pwedeng matakasan ng Black Bulls Incorporated 'yung kanyang liability by, ah, showing proof that, ah, it, it search exercise diligence in the selection and supervision of the, uh, of his employees, specifically the driver. Okay? Um, pagdating naman, pero sa culpa contractual, hindi pwedeng maging defense po 'yun. At lalong-lalo na, pagdating sa culpa criminal, hindi rin pwedeng maging defense 'yun. Ah, pero, in the first place kasi, sa culpa criminal, hindi naman s'ya 'yung ano, hindi naman s'ya 'yung kinakasuhan pagdating sa culpa criminal. Si Yami po 'yung kinakasuhan. So, ah, in terms of defense, hindi n'ya naman talaga kakailanganin 'yun. Okay? Pero, with regards to liability, so, may makikita, may babasahin tayo dito. So, hindi porket hindi s'ya 'yung kinakasuhan under culpa criminal, um, wala na s'ya totally liability. So, sabi dito, Black Bulls Incorporated is subsidiary or subsidiary liable if Yami cannot pay damages. So, when we say damages in here, we refer to the, ah, civil damages or civil liabilities. Okay? So, usually, 'yung mga drivers naman kasi, um, medyo mahirap lang sila. So, may tendency na hindi talaga nila mapabayaran 'yung, ah, civil damages na, ah, iga-grant ng korte doon sa dalawang, ah, victims natin in this case. So, ayan, so, tignan n'yo mabuti 'yung table.
[16:32]Pause, pause n'yo kung ah, kailangan n'yo pang i- ah, i- anong tawag dito? Ah, kailangan n'yo pang i-absorb. Okay? So, next slide. So, next naman, punta na tayo sa delay. So, this time, magiging torong ulit tayo. So, actually, there are two types. Okay? May, dalawa ang mababanggit na types ng obligation dito. So, we have unilateral obligations and reciprocal obligations. So, when we say unilateral obligations, only one of the party is liable. Okay? However, in reciprocal obligations, um, actually, this is, ah, reciprocal obligations, actually, are obligations wherein, ah, there is no kumbaga nabanggit. Okay? There's no, ah, specific, um, time, okay, or period when the obligations or their corresponding, uh, respective obligations of the two parties, uh, will be made. Okay?
[18:07]So, so, we have here, general rules, okay? And the exemptions with regards to delay. So, under unilateral obligation, you we have no demand, no delay. So, kung walang demand, hindi mag-i-incur ng delay si, ah, si debtor. Okay? So, there are, however, there are exemptions. So, number one, the law or obligation so declare. Uh, number two, time is the controlling motive for the establishment of obligation. Three, demand would be useless. Pagdating naman sa reciprocal obligation, um, delay occurs from the moment one party fulfills his undertaking, while the other does not comply or is not ready to comply in a proper manner with what is incumbent upon him. And the exemption is, if there will be stipulated dates for the performance of respective obligations are fixed by the parties. Okay? So, let's get on with the example. So, unahin muna natin ang unilateral obligation. So, delay illustrative problem. Rowan promised to give his dog named "Ben" to Alan to be delivered on September 15, 2020.
[19:20]Okay? So, let's analyze the situation. So, general rule, no demand, no delay. So, first analysis, okay, supposed on September 15, 2020, Alan did not demand the delivery of the dog and Rowan did not deliver the dog until September 16.
[19:42]So, in this first, uh, scenario, tanong, meron bang delay dito na na-incur si Rowan? Okay? So, the answer is, there's no delay. Okay? Rowan is not yet in delay. Why? Because, um, Alan did not yet demand or did not demand the delivery of the dog on September 15, which is supposedly, uh, the date, uh, kung kailan ide-deliver dapat ni Rowan.
[20:09]So, next situation, supposed on September 15, 2020, Alan demanded the delivery of the dog and Rowan did not deliver the dog until September 16. So, in this case, dahil nag-demand si Alan noong September 15, dapat i-deliver n'ya noong September 15. So, in this case, Rowan is in delay. Okay? So, ganun lang po kasimple 'yun. Okay? Punta naman tayo sa mga different exemptions under the unilateral obligation. So, when the obligation or the law expressly so declares. So, for example, supposed Rowan and Alan agreed that Alan doesn't need to make demand for Rowan to incur delay on September 15, 2020. So, obligation so provides. So, ibig sabihin, doon pa lang, ah, kumbaga doon sa usapan nila, hindi na kailangang mag-demand daw ni Alan in order for Rowan to incur delay. So, meaning, 'yun nga, hindi mag-a-apply 'yung, ah, general rule natin which is no demand, no delay. Uh, another example, so, payment of taxes. So, laws so provides. So, in this case, um, hindi kailangan, for example, hindi kailangan ng, mag-demand ng BIR all the time para bayaran mo na 'yung, ah, taxes due mo on certain dates. Okay?
[21:31]So, isa po 'yung exemption. Okay? So, next, time is the controlling motive for the establishment of obligation. So, for example, supposed Ben (dog) is a talented dog and Rowan obliged himself to deliver Ben to Alan to perform in Alan's birthday party on September 15, 2020. In this case, the time which is September 15, 2020, is the controlling motive by the obligation to deliver the dog is was established. Okay? So, there's no point in delivering the dog beyond September 15, 2020, because the main reason why the dog will be delivered to Alan is because the dog will, ah, perform in his birthday. So, in this case, the time is the controlling motive why the obligation to, ah, to deliver the dog was established in the first place. Okay?
[22:27]So, next, demand would be useless. So, suppose Ben died because of the negligence of Rowan. So, before September 15, 2020 arrived, um, Ben died, let's say, dahil hindi n'ya pinakain nang 10 araw, namatay si Ben. So, that will be, ah, associated with the negligence of Rowan. So, in this case, um, for example, dumating ang September 15, hindi nakapag-demand, ah, assuming hindi alam ni Alan na namatay 'yung aso. So, pagdating ng September 15, hindi s'ya nakapag-demand. Okay? Although hindi s'ya nakapag-demand, okay, dahil imposible naman na ma-deliver n'ya pa ito noong December 15 dahil patay na nga 'yung aso. So, it is still considered that Rowan is in delay even though that even though Alan did not demand the delivery of the said dog on September 15. Okay? So, ayan, 'yun po 'yung, ah, illustration natin with regards to unilateral obligation. So, punta naman tayo sa, ah, reciprocal obligations. Okay, so, hindi po natin napalitan. So, this is supposedly reciprocal. Okay? Reciprocal. Okay? Reciprocal obligations. So, Adam sold his only car to Byron for 150,000. There was no agreement regarding the time of delivery and time of payment. So, next is our analysis. So, ayan. General rule, when one party fulfills his obligation, delay on the other starts. Okay? So, analysis, supposed Byron paid 150,000 the following day. Adam must deliver the car immediately after receiving the payment on the same day to avoid incurring delay. Dahil kung hindi, ah, mag-i-incur na s'ya ng delay. Okay? Ganun din sa kabila. Suppose Adam delivered the car the following day. Byron must pay the 150,000 on the same day to avoid incurring delay. So, ganun po ang rule when it comes to, ah, what do you call this? Ah, reciprocal obligations. So, ah, syempre, ang exception nito is when there is stipulated time, kung kailan nila ipe-perform 'yung respective obligations nila. So, in this case kasi, walang stipulated time. So, from that time, kung kailan fi-fulfill ng kabila, kailangan mo na ring i-fulfill kaagad. Okay? Unless magkaroon kayo ng further agreement na, oh, ganito na lang ako magbabayad, etcetera. Okay? So, next. Next topic. So, we have fortuitous event. So, what is fortuitous event? So, in order for fortuitous event or caso fortuito to exist, these are the following requisites. So, number one, the cause of the breach is independent of the debtor's will. So, meaning, um, hindi po s'ya kontrolado ng debtor. 'Yung kumbaga 'yung occurrence n'ya ay, ah, kumbaga hindi po kontrolado ng debtor 'yung occurrence nung mismo'ng event na 'yun. So, second, the event is unforeseeable or unavoidable. So, if it's unforeseeable, so, for example, um, ah, lightning. So, kapag biglang may tumamang kidlat, syempre, hindi mo mafo-foresee 'yun. Okay? Ah, at syempre, although mafo-foresee mo, let's say malakas ang ulan, tapos kidlat ng kidlat. Although parang nararamdaman mo na na may darating na kidlat, pero kahit na feeling mo, may darating na kidlat, hindi mo naman maa-avoid actually. Okay? So, events that are unforeseeable or unavoidable are, um, one of the requisites of fortuitous event. So, number three, the event is such as to render it impossible for the debtor to fulfill his obligation in a normal manner. Um, so, ah, we'll have an example for this later on. So, 'pag sinabi nating impossible kasi, for example, namatay 'yung aso, specific dog through by being struck by a lightning. So, hindi mo na ma-de-deliver 'yung dog alive syempre. Number four, the debtor did not take part in causing the injury to the creditor. So, aside from natural occurrences such as lightning, such as, um, mga, natural disasters such as typo, typhoon, ah, earthquakes, etcetera. Um, pwede rin kasing maging ma-consider as fortuitous event 'yung mga actions made by man, such as armed robbery. Okay? So, ah, um, 'yung number four, so, dapat si debtor mismo, hindi s'ya kasama doon sa armed robbery. Baka naman kasi kasabwat n'ya 'yung, for example, na nakawan s'ya before, ah, let's say delivering a specific thing, okay, to the creditor. So, let's say nanakawan s'ya, okay, through armed robbery. Um, anong nangyari dito? So, kung kasabwat si debtor din lang pala para kunwaring i-extinguish 'yung kanyang obligation, kung kasabwat s'ya, hindi pa rin 'yun mai-e-extinguish. Okay?
[27:45]So, dapat, the debtor did not take part in causing the injury to the creditor. Okay? So, ayan. General rule, no one shall be liable for fortuitous event. So, there are certain exemptions, pero, uh, the law or stipulation expressly so declare. Number two, the nature of the obligations requires the assumption of risk. Number three, obligation is other than obligation to give a specific thing, and number four, debtor is already in delay. So, let's illustrate those following. Okay? So, ah, okay, so, illustrative case muna 'to with regards to the fortuitous event itself. Okay? Soma bound himself to give Megumi a specific kitchen knife on December 31, 2020. While on his way to deliver the knife, he was robbed by a group of armed man. There was nothing he could do. So, okay. So, in this case, um, Soma's obligation to, ah, deliver a specific knife to Megumi will be extinguished. Why? Because, ah, the, what do you call this? The, ah, the specific thing was lost through a fortuitous event. So, ah, the event wherein nanakawan s'ya by armed men is, syempre, unforeseen s'ya. Syempre, ayaw rin naman ni Soma na manakawan s'ya. At the same time, let's assume in this case na hindi n'ya kasabwat 'yung mga armed men na 'yan. Okay? So, in that case, um, ma-, iko-consider natin this case as a fortuitous event. So, therefore, Soma's obligation will be extinguished or extinguished or wala na. Okay? So, what are the exemptions, by the way? So, number one, the law or stipulation expressly so declare. So, in this case, sa number one, um, there are certain cases wherein kahit na merong fortuitous event, may liability pa rin si debtor. So, for example, a possessor in bad faith shall shall be liable for deterioration or loss in every case, even if caused by a fortuitous event. So, for example, ah, anong 'yung mga examples ng ano, possession in bad faith? So, for example, ah, nagnakaw, may ninakaw 'yung isang magnanakaw. So, ninakaw n'ya 'yung isang bagay, okay, while it's in his possession. So, in bad faith s'ya. Okay? So, possessor s'ya in bad faith. So, ayan, possessor in bad faith s'ya. And let's say 'yung specific thing na 'yun ay nawala through a fortuitous event. So, let's say, um, biglang bumagyo or biglang nagka-lindol tapos nawala 'yung bagay na 'yun. Or biglang nagkasunog, okay? So, ang mangyayari is, ah, magiging liable pa rin s'ya. Okay? What's his liability? Syempre, ibalik 'yung bagay na 'yun. Kung hindi n'ya na maibalik kasi nawala nga via fortuitous event, syempre, ah, babayaran n'ya 'yung value of the thing, ah, nung bagay na 'yun. So, there will be ano, um, reparation. Um, and he will also be criminally prosecuted. So, in that case, kahit na ang cause ng pagkawala ng specific na, um, specific na bagay na 'yun, kahit fortuitous event pa 'yan, magiging liable pa rin s'ya. Okay? So, that is true in the following cases din. Sa, ah, the bailee in commodatum. So, commodatum, by the way, is, ah, kapag humiram ka ng bagay. So, 'pag may pinahiram sa'yo at nawala ito, kahit na fault mo pa 'yan or hindi, um, kumbaga magiging liable ka pa rin. So, let's say, pinahiram ka ng kaibigan mo ng, let's say, um, laptop. So, kahit ang naging cause pa n'yan ay fortuitous event or or hindi, um, kumbaga magiging liable ka pa rin. So, ayan, so, the officious manager in negotiorum gestio shall be liable for any fortuitous event in certain instances. So, for example, 'yun nga, ah, na-meet lahat ng requisites ng negotiorum gestio. So, ikaw, for example, na kapitbahay ay, ah, 'yun, nag-volunteer, voluntarily takes charge of the house of your kapitbahay na, 'yun nga. Okay? Ah, pero ang nangyari, instead of, um, ah, what do you call this? Um, mag-develop or mapaganda 'yung bahay or whatsoever na ginagawa mo doon para i-maintain 'yun is mas nakasira ka pa. Okay?
[32:29]So, whether that, ah, 'yung pagkasira nung bagay na 'yun or anything, any part of the house, ah, ay due to your fault or due to fortuitous event. It doesn't matter. Ah, you will still be liable, ah, in certain instances ulit, in certain instances. So, 'yung mga certain instances na 'yun, hindi na natin nilista dito dahil medyo mararami rami sila. So, kung gusto n'yong makita, punta kayo sa Article 1942. Okay? Ah, okay. So, the officious manager in negotiorum gestio shall be liable for any fortuitous event in certain instances. So, for example, 'yun nga, ah, na-meet lahat ng requisites ng negotiorum gestio, so, ikaw, for example, na kapitbahay ay, ah, 'yun, nag-volunteer, voluntarily takes charge of the house of your kapitbahay na, 'yun nga. Okay? Ah, pero ang nangyari, instead of, um, ah, what do you call this? Um, mag-develop or mapaganda 'yung bahay or whatsoever na ginagawa mo doon para i-maintain 'yun is mas nakasira ka pa. Okay? So, whether that, ah, 'yung pagkasira nung bagay na 'yun or anything, any part of the house, ah, ay due to your fault or due to fortuitous event. It doesn't matter. Ah, you will still be liable, ah, in certain instances ulit, in certain instances. So, 'yung mga certain instances na 'yun, hindi na natin nilista dito dahil medyo mararami rami sila. So, kung gusto n'yong makita, punta kayo sa Article 1942. Okay? So, ayan. So, next. So, by the way, these are, ano, um, when the law expressly so declare, okay? Pero kailangan, kailan naman if the stipulation expressly so declare. So, kapag pinag-usapan n'yo mismo sa contract na kahit, for example, doon sa contract n'yo, may provision doon, wherein, kahit fortuitous event pa daw 'yung naging cause ng loss ng isang thing is magiging liable pa rin. So, that will be an exemption to the general rule, wherein no one shall be liable for for fortuitous event. Okay? So, next, so, next exemption, so, nature of the obligations requires the assumption of risk. Okay? So, best example is 'yung ano, mga insurance contracts natin. So, um, 'yun nga, um, let's say, ah, fire insurance, okay? Specifically, fire insurance sa isang building. So, uh, sabihin nating ano, 'yung naging cause nung fire, ah, ay through a fortuitous event. So, magiging liable pa rin syempre si insurance company dahil 'yun 'yung ano, 'yun 'yung trabaho nila. Kumbaga, 'yun 'yun talaga 'yan. Um, it requires the assumption of risk. So, in this case, hindi mag-a-apply 'yung general rule natin wherein no one shall be liable for the, what do you call this? For the, ah, no one shall be liable in case of fortuitous event. Okay? So, next, obligation is other than obligation to give a specific thing. So, um, ah, in here, uh, what do you call this? So, for example, obligation to give a generic thing. So, if ever nawala man 'yung isang bagay na 'yun, supposedly ide-deliver, supposedly, um, magbabayad ka ng pera. So, money is considered a generic thing. So, 'pag nagbabayad ka ng pera, tapos, let's say, nanakaw 'yung perang 'yun. Ah, hindi mai-e-extinguish 'yung obligation mo dahil ang pera ay isang generic, generic thing. Okay? So, 'yun ang mangyayari doon. Pwede ka pa namang, ah, pwede ka namang magbayad ng other ibang pera. Okay? Pero kapag specific thing kasi, um, hindi ka pwedeng mag-deliver ng other thing kasi 'yung specific thing na 'yun, 'yun 'yung napag-usapan n'yo na kailangan i-deliver or oblige na i-deliver si debtor. So, 'yun 'yung tatlong, okay? So, 'yun 'yung ano, ah, exemption.
[35:19]Okay? So, what's this? So, exceptions. Okay? So, na-doble natin. Okay? So, ayan. Um, debtor is already in delay. So, let's take for example 'yung dating example natin sa delay. So, Rowan promised to give his dog named Ben to Alan to be delivered on September 15, 2020. So, suppose Rowan did not deliver the dog on September 15 when Alan demanded it. In this case, Rowan incurs delay. Okay? Um, okay. So, so si Rowan in delay na s'ya officially. So, when Rowan decides to deliver the dog on September 16, but before he reach Alan's house, the dog was struck by a lightning and immediately killed it on the spot. Um, although 'yung naging reason for the loss of the dog is a fortuitous event, hindi na po mag-a-apply 'yung general rule natin which is no one shall be, ah, liable for, ah, fortuitous event, which, ah, effectively extinguishes, supposedly, will supposedly extinguish Rowan's obligation. Ah, pero in this case, hindi po, hindi po mai-e-extinguish 'yung kanyang obligation. Bakit? Kasi, he already incurred delay. Okay? So, next. So, next part, we have damages. So, we have damages. Um, so, these are the six types of damages under the Civil Code. So, we have actual compensate or compensatory damages, moral, nominate, temperate or moderate, exemplary or corrective, and lastly, the liquidated damages. So, ah, among these five, our among these six, the types of damages, only the actual or compensatory damages needs, ah, proof of pecuniary loss. So, when we say pecuniary loss, this is loss in terms of money. Okay? Monetary amount or monetary, ah, value. So, there's a need for proof of loss talaga. So, kung wala kang maipakita'ng proof, hindi ka pwedeng makapag, or hindi pwede, hindi ko pwedeng award-an, ah, naturally ng court ng tinatawag nating actual or compensatory damages.
[51:21]Pero may mga other options ka pa. So, 'yung 2 to 6, okay? Itong itong limang 'to, hindi naman nila kailangan ng proof of pecuniary loss. So, ito 'yung mga pwede mong ma-, ah, ma-claim or pwedeng i-award sa'yo ng korte in case na wala kang proof of pecuniary loss. Okay? So, ayan. Punta tayo sa detalye ng mga different damages na ito. So, number one, for actual or compensatory damages, so, uh, if, kung natatandaan n'yo, ito lang ang tanging type ng damages wherein, um, kailangan n'ya ng tinatawag nating proof of pecuniary loss. So, for example, sa mga copyright infringement cases, um, usually, ang, para ma-grant or ma-grant, ah, ang korte ng actual or compensatory damages doon sa, ah, tawag dito? Doon sa plaintiff is, ah, usually, ah, kailangan nila na patunayan na dahil nga doon sa copyright infringement na ginawa noong ano is, nagkaroon sila ng tinatawag nating lost sales. So, 'yung lost sales na 'yun, um, kailangan nila ng proof na bumaba nga talaga 'yung sales nila. Okay? So, kung napatunayan nila 'yun, magga-grant 'yung korte ng tinatawag nating actual or compensatory damages. So, to read more about actual or compensatory damages, ah, pwede kayong mag-start sa Article 2199 ng Civil Code. Okay? So, next naman, we have moral damages. So, under moral damages, diyan nagfo-fall 'yung mga physical suffering, fright, serious anxiety, ah, and other than that, nandyan din 'yung mga, let's say, mga, anong tawag dito? Kunwari, napahiya ka, um, so aside, so, tandaan n'yo rin 'yung ano, physical suffering, most commonly, ah, malito ng mga estudyante, akala nila 'yung physical suffering nagfo-fall s'ya sa, ah, let's say, actual daw. Okay? Pero, actually, physical suffering, for example, um, nagka-aksidente ka, so, ah, um, let's say, gasgas lang. So, syempre, wala kang, walang kumbaga, walang perang mawawala sa'yo, hindi ka magpapa-hospital, pero, ah, pwede ka pa ring mag-claim ng tinatawag nating moral damages. Okay? So, aside from the physical injuries you suffered, you will also, ano, you can also claim moral damages due to ano 'yung kumbaga shock or na-trauma ka na, for example, dahil sa event na 'yun. Or 'di ba? 'Yun nga, medyo naging negligent 'yung driver doon. So, um, dahil doon, lagi ka nang tumitingin sa kalsada, sa left and right, so, nagkakaroon ka na ng, let's say, oh, anxiety, serious anxiety. Okay? So, ayan. So, to read more about moral damages, you can start sa Article 2217 under the Civil Code. So, number three naman, nominate. Okay? So, nominate damages are damages, um, what do you call this? Ah, granted to the plaintiff in order to vindicate or recognize his right. So, ang tanging kailangan mo lang mapatunayan dito ay meron nga bang nababago na right mo? So, kung meron man, okay, so, nominate damages 'yun. Kahit na wala kang na-incur na damage or injury due to that, ah, let's say, ah, let's say, ah, violation ng right mo na 'yun, kahit walang nangyari sa'yo, kahit hindi ka napahiya, kahit, kahit wala totally wala, ah, from the fact na na-violate 'yung right mo, pwede kang mag-claim ng ganitong klaseng damages or pwedeng i-grant sa'yo ito ng korte. Okay? So, 'yun 'yung nominate damages. Pero in terms of monetary value, usually, ito 'yung pinakamaliit dahil 'yun nga, simple lang naman patunayan 'to, kailangan mo lang patunayan if merong na-violate na right. Meron, merong na-violate na right. Okay? So, number four, temperate or moderate damages. Okay? So, in number four, ah, may mga certain instances kasi na, um, ah, we are sure that there is a pecuniary loss, but we cannot, um, prove with certainty the amount, Okay? The amount of that, ah, certain damages. So, uh, usually, si court, um, nagga-grant na lang s'ya which is usually, uh, lower than actual or compensatory damages, but higher than, ah, the amount granted in nominal damages. So, lastly, liquidated damages. So, these are damages agreed upon by parties to a contract. So, usually, these are pre-determined damages. So, for example, um, ah, sa isang kontrata, sa isang contract of loan, if ever daw, hindi ka, ah, nakapagbayad for, let's say, two months, three months, parang ganun. Or depende sa mapag-uusapan. Um, magkakaroon ka ng tinatawag nating penalty. So, that is a type of liquidated damages. Okay? So, these are damages pre-determine, ah, beforehand. Okay? So, 'yun 'yung mga different types of damages po natin. Okay? So, ayan. So, now, let's go to presumptions. Okay? So, what are presumptions? A rule of law which permits a court to assume a fact is true until such time as there is a preponderance, greater weight, of evidence which disproves or outweighs rebuts the presumption. So, this is the definition, ah, source from, ah, dictionary.law.com. So, there are actually two kinds of presumptions. We have conclusive presumptions. These are presumptions that cannot be rebutted by additional evidence or argument. Second type is disputable presumptions. This can be rebutted by additional evidence or argument. So, to read, ah, to read the examples of conclusive presumptions, ah, you may search, ah, Rules of Court Rule 131 Section 2. So, ah, may mga sinulat s'ya d'yan or nakalagay d'yan na mga examples ng conclusive presumptions. Okay? Pero hindi 'yan 'yung ano, kumbaga, ah, hindi lang 'yun 'yung lahat ng conclusive presumption. As well as 'yung nandito sa disputable presumption. Kung ano 'yung nakasulat dito sa Rules of Court Rule 131 Section 3, hindi lang 'yan lahat ng ah, disputable presumptions po natin. May, may mga iba pa. Okay? Pero we will not focus on, ah, the examples of this, kundi we will focus on the, um, provision under the current chapter or current, ano, 'di ba? Doon sa, doon sa obligations contract. So, we have two disputable presumptions actually. So, number one is the receipt of principal by the debtor without reservation with respect to the interest shall give rise to the presumption that said interest has been paid. Okay? So, kapag, ah, every time na nagbabayad tayo, um, at binayaran, nabayaran na natin si principal obligation. Um, there is a presumption na pati 'yung interest nabayaran na rin. Dahil syempre, bago mo bayaran si principal ay inuuna mo munang bayaran si interest. Okay? So, ah, diyan nanggaling 'yun, basically. Okay? So, next presumption is the receipt of latter installment of a debt without reservation as to the prior installments, shall likewise raise the presumption that such installments have been paid. Okay? So, kapag nabayaran si, ah, let's say, second installment, third installment. So, there is a presumption na nabayaran na rin 'yung first installment. Okay? Without reservation to prior installments. Okay? So, syempre, rebatable 'yun or disputable 'yun. So, meaning, kapag nakapag, ah, pakita ka ng evidence na hindi pa s'ya nagbabayad ng first installment. So, so ayan. Hindi, ah, kumbaga marere-rebut 'yung specific presumption na 'yun. Okay? Pero, ah, this type of presumptions are not available. For example, itong number two, 'yung 'pag nakaka-receive ka ng latter installment, this presumption is not available when we are paying tax. So, for example, we pay our tax on 2019. So, if we paid our tax on 2019, it doesn't mean that we already paid, ah, our tax taxes way back 2018, 2017, etcetera. So, there's no such presumption. Okay? Okay, unlike, ah, in debts. Okay? So, such as number two. Okay? So, take, paki, take note na lang 'yun dahil, ah, in my experience as a teacher, um, madalas lumalabas 'yun sa, sa exams or quizzes. Okay? Last. Okay, last but not the least 'yung topic with regards to transmissibility of rights. Okay? So, 'pag sinabi nating transmissibility, so, we refer to, to the ability of certain rights to be transferred from one person to another. So, general rule, all rights acquired in virtue of obligations are transmissible or trans ah, transferable. So, these are the exemptions. So, number one, exempted by law. So, the right to vote during elections is exempted by law. So, hindi po, ah, tawag dito, pwedeng, ah, tawag dito, pwedeng, i-transfer 'yung right mo para bumoto during elections. Number two naman, exempted by stipulation. So, for example, nakaka-receive ka ng scholarship. However, the provision of that scholarship is that, um, kumbaga, ikaw lang ang pwedeng maka-claim no'n. Hindi mo pwedeng i-transfer 'yun sa iba. So, ah, it is exempted therefore by stipulation. And lastly, not transmissible, okay, by the very nature of the obligation. Hope, or by the very nature of the right. So, for example, your right to attend your own wedding ceremony. So, um, by nature, hindi mo pa naman pwedeng ano, hindi ka pwedeng proxihan. To, for example, ikaw 'yung groom. Okay? Tatawagin mo 'yung kaibigan mo bilang maging proxy. So, ikaw ba naman, gusto mo, you may kiss the bride. So, 'yung kaibigan mong hahalik sa asawa mo. And vice versa. Syempre, hindi. Okay? So, these are the exemptions to the general rule. So, uulitin natin. General rule, all rights are transmissible. However, there are certain exemptions. So, we have three listed down here. Okay? So, dito muna nagtatapos ang ating Nature and Effects and Obligations. So, ayan. Okay? So, Part 2, um, ah, so, before anything else, I would like to invite you to sign up on the link below. So, anong bang makukuha n'yo doon? So, meron tayong mga pinrepare na questions na pwede n'yong sagutan at pwede n'yong ma-test if, ah, may natutunan nga ba kayo dito sa ating mga videos, specifically sa Chapter 2, which is Nature and Effects of Obligation. So, ah, huwag kayong mag-alala, it's free. Okay? Free for everybody. So, ayan, um, you can sign up anytime you like, so, just check the link on the description. Okay? So, also, don't forget to subscribe. Okay? It will be very, we will be very happy every time you ano, 'yung makikita naming may mga subscribers. So, ayan. Ah, pero other than that, syempre, para mas mabilis kayong ma-alert sa mga upcoming uploads namin. So, ayan. Okay? And also, don't forget to like the video if you like the video. Okay? So, ah, pero kung may mga comments and suggestions kayo, so, huwag kayong mahiya mag-comment down below ng mga, let's say, mga, ah, kung may mali ba akong nasabi. Ah, ayaw n'yo ba 'yung way ng pagdi-discuss ko? Or, kung nagustuhan n'yo, sige, ipaki-compliment. I, I like that. Okay? So, ayan, so, don't forget to like the video. It helps. Okay? So, it helps us push our video through the YouTube algorithm. So, magandang bagay 'yun. So, um, ayan. Okay? So, coming up next, we will be having the different kinds of obligations. So, ayan. Okay? So, and off. Click to next. Okay. So, uh, when the, uh, what do you call this? The, ah, the specific thing was lost through a fortuitous event. So, ah, the event wherein nanakawan s'ya by armed men, is, syempre, unforeseen s'ya. Syempre, ayaw rin naman ni Soma na manakawan s'ya. At the same time, let's assume in this case na hindi n'ya kasabwat 'yung mga armed men na 'yan. Okay? So, in that case, um, ma-, iko-consider natin this case as a fortuitous event.
