[0:01]Yeh last tarah ki hamare paas stratification ki type hai ethnicity. Ethnicity ka matlab kya hota hai? Aapko main agar quickly samjhaun, ethnicity humne Greek word ethnos se derive kiya hai ethnos. Ethnos mein dekho yeh word hai jo nos, nos se humne ek word liya kya? Nation. Ethnos nation se nikla. Nation kya tha? Agar aapko ispe wapas jana nation pe hum ek ek topic karenge hamara jab chapter next aayega politics ka, usme hum nation pe kaam karenge. Nation woh keh rahe hain hamare yahan pe sab kuch bhool jao ek cheez yaad rakhna bas. Nation kya hota hai jahan par sab log ikhatte rehna chahte hain. Theek hai, we kuch we feeling hai, theek hai ya to sabko lagta hai ki hum aage dekhte hain ki kis kis tarah se nation ban sakte hain ya phir kis kis tarah se ethnicity ho sakti hai. Abhi aapko bas kya jaanlo ki logon ko lagta hai ki woh ek doosre ke saath belong karte hain. Ab yeh kaise ho sakta hai? Ethnos, Greek word ethnos se liya humne meaning nation, jahan par, yahan par not political entity nahi logon ko khud ko feeling aati hai. Politically mat dekho isko, isko psychologically dekho logon ko khud lagta hai hum sab ek jaise hi hain. Jaise for example hum sab Punjabi hain. Let's say hum sab Bihari hain. Theek hai to yeh automatically feeling aayegi ki hamari ethnicity same hai. Ethnicity, chahe dikhte hum same hain chahe nahi humme, humme feeling aayegi. Theek hai, okay, to common but as a unit of persons with common blood or descent, theek hai ji, common blood bhi ho sakta hai hamara common descent bhi ho sakte hai kuch bhi ho sakta hai. Aage, aur ethnicity ya ethnic group kisko bola jata hai, yeh socially-defined category of people. It is socially defined. Ab again, let's go back to race, jo Hitler keh raha tha ki Aryans, jo Hitler ne jo Aryans ko bola ki yeh pure race hai, pure race nahi, woh kiski baat kar raha tha Aryans, Aryans naam ki koi race nahi thi. Woh kiski baat kar raha tha? Woh ethnic group ki baat kar raha tha, jo ek particular tarah se rehte hain, jinko Jews se nafrat thi, theek hai, ek particular tarah ke log. To jo ki who identify with each other based on, theek hai, ek doosre se identify karte hain usko ethnicity kaha jata hai. Aapko sabse easy imagination again main repeat kar raha hun, kiski hoti hai jaise let's say log bolte hain jaise aap, aapko imagine karo usko, let's say aap India mein rehte ho. Aap Bombay mein rehte ho and let's say you happen to meet someone from Punjab, woh kahega main Punjabi hun. Theek hai ji, ethnicity yahan pe kya dikh rahi hai hume Punjabi. Let's say ab woh same banda jo Bombay wala banda, woh chala gaya USA mein. USA mein chala gaya usko mila ek fellow Punjabi to wahan par, wahan par ja ke usko bada maza aaya dekh ke bhi mujhe fellow koi Indian dikha mujhe, to woh kya ban gayi ethnicity Indian. Ab usi same insan ko New York mein, koi aur New York mein hi America mein hi, koi aur let's say mila Chinese, to kya ban jayegi ethnicity uski Asian. Ethnicity dekh rahe ho kitni buri tarah vary kar rahi hai. Kabhi woh kabhi woh kisi ko Punjabi ki tarah identify karta hai, kabhi Indian ki tarah identify karta hai, kabhi woh Asian ki tarah identify karta hai. To isi liye ethnicity bahut rapidly badal rahi hai. To isi liye ki ethnicity ke kya kya grounds ho sakte hain please isko kahin likh ke rakhna, ya to common ancestral hoga, common social group hoga, culture same hoga ya national experience bhi same ho sakta hai.
[3:13]Theek hai ji, to isi liye ethnicity ke kuch broad grounds hain. Culture ke bahut sare aage aspects hain, language same ho sakti hai hamari, theek hai ji, literature humne same tarah ka padha ho, humne religion same tarah ka follow karte hain, kuch bhi ho sakta hai hamari ethnicity same karne ke yeh aspects hain. Moving ahead. To abhi ethnicity ke teen popular conception kya hain, kaise hum bolte hain ki hum same ethnic group ke hain? Pehla, biological ki humne apni piche trace kiya genetic descent hum sabki shaklein same hain. Hum sab let's say dekhne mein Chinese lagte hain to hum sab same ethnic group ke hain biological, theek hai ji, isko hum thoda race se jod sakte hain, theek hai ji, synonymous with race. Lekin uske baad aayega cultural, cultural mein kya hoga ki hum sab similar culture enjoy karte hain. Let's say Punjab ki baat kar raha hun main, Punjab mein bahut sare log bahar se aa ke bas gaye lekin ab woh Punjabiyon ke jaise hi rehte hain to woh sab kya ban gaye Punjabi, chahe chahe woh similar dikhte bhi nahi the lekin tab bhi sab log relate kaise karte hain aapas mein Punjabi hain, that's it. Theek hai ji, cultural phenomenon hai yeh and then psychological, psychological matlab ki consciousness hai, consciousness ki hum sab same hain, theek hai ji, hum same hain consciousness, chahe hum same tarah se rehte hain ki nahi rehte hain.
[4:09]Maanlo ki ek hi jagah par main usi Punjab ki baat kar raha hun jahan par culture same nahi hai, let's say Hindu culture thoda different hai and let's say Muslim culture different hai. To lekin similar tarah se reh rahe hain, similar tarah se reh rahe hain, psychologically same hain ki hum hum ek jaise log hain, to woh kya ho gaya psychological. Abhi na aap jaise aap Punjab mein gaane suno bahut sare gaane aate hain Gurdas Maan, there is a singer to unke gaane bahut sare aate hain. Woh across the border jo Punjab jo divide ho gaya uski jo memories hain, jo partition ki memories usko leke gaane gaate hain. Kyunki abhi bhi jo Punjab jo divide hoke wahan chala gaya hai, ethnicity abhi bhi same maani gayi, psychologically ki aise hi arbitrarily kahin line divide ho gayi Redcliffe ne kar di. To lekin psychologically abhi bhi identity bahut common hai ki hum sab Punjabi hain. Theek hai ji, to awareness among the members of a group regarding their similarity to each other ki similar khana khate hain, language same hai, jo history humne similar share ki unke saath. To isi karan se psychologically kafi jude hue hain. Punjab mein Khalistan movement jo aayi thi uska bhi one of the reasons kya tha psychologically. Paul Brass ne bahut acche se study kiya hai, hum paper 2 mein study karenge, yahan main aapko thoda mention karunga Paul Brass ne kya kaha, lekin jo Paul Brass ka bahut hi ek awesome model hai hum woh paper 2 mein dekhenge. Okay, aage badhte hain.
[5:21]To ethnic groups identify kaise kar sakte hain hum? Piche humne kya dekha pehle? Biological, cultural, psychological, abhi Ethno-racial ki races ke naam pe same dikhte hon, religion ke naam pe, language ke naam pe same bhasha bolte hain, linguistic language ya same nation se aate hain, theek hai ji. Regional group same ho sakta hai agar nation ke within dekhen, main Marathi, theek hai ji, main Telugu, to regional group bhi same ho sakta hai. Agar nation ke within dekhen, jaise aap dekh rahe ho ki jaise Andhra Pradesh tha, us woh woh kehne ko to let's say sare Andhrait khud ko karte the aise classify. Lekin jab language ke basis par aaya to Andhra Pradesh ko todna pada Telugu jo speaking country alag banani padi alag nation, ek state banana pada. Theek hai ji, to region ke naam pe thoda different tarah se dikhta tha hume, language ke naam pe alag tarah dikhta tha hume. Okay, to ethnicity ab thoda imagine karna shuru karo that is how you will start writing good answers. Theek hai. Then, isi liye ethnicity kafi elastic concept hai. Maine abhi aapko bataya tha Punjabi India mein then Indian then South Asian ethnicity ghoomti phirti rehti hai. Race aur caste kafi static hain ki jo meri caste hai woh to hai. Theek hai ji, race hai woh to hai. To isi liye isi liye jo elastic hone ke karan kya hota hai politics mein bahut use karte hain ki jitne bhi Bihari bhai hain woh mujhe vote dalen, jitne Punjabi bhai hain woh mujhe vote dalen. To Punjabi to koi bhi ho sakta hai across race, across caste, theek hai ji, okay. To politics mein politics mein kafi use hai iska ethnicity ka. Ab aage, kya main apni ethnicity badal sakta hun? Haan, bhi badal sakta hun. Agar main kisi aur jagah ja ke rehna shuru kar doon, bahut sare dosto main apne dosto ko batata hun jo mere classmates hain bahut sare abhi US mein settled hain. US mein settled hain aur woh wahin ki hi baaton ke bare mein post karte hain for example hum India mein keh rahe hain bhai Dhoni ne century mar di Kohli ne century mar di. Woh wahan pe alag hi kuch chale hue hain ki baseball ka match hai ya phir rugby ka match hai, hum yahan follow hi nahi karte to wahan woh follow karte hain usi ke bare mein updates dalte hain Facebook mein to kya hua unki unhone apni gradually ethnicity badal rahe hain. Kisi aur ethnic group mein enter kar rahe hain, language badal gayi unki, theek hai, acculturation, doosre culture ke bare mein woh usme dhalna shuru ho gaye.
[7:35]And then adoption, theek hai ji, religious convert karke bhi logon ke ethnicity bahut often badal jati hai, theek hai. Okay, Karl Deutsch kya bolte hain? Karl Deutsch says ethnicity hi ek ek aisa karan hai ki Balkanisation hui. Jo jo chhote chhote tukdon mein toot gayi countries Eastern Europe ki Balkanisation bolte hain jisko woh kya uska karan kya hai ethnicity. Serbia wale keh rahe hain hume alag kar do, Slovenia wale alag keh rahe hain, Czechoslovakia wale alag keh rahe hain and so on so forth, unki ethnicity alag alag thi uske basis pe alag alag countries demand kar li and isi liye jo post war wala jo Europe tha woh chhote chhote tukdon mein toot gaya. Okay, Karl Deutsch ka idea achcha tha. Gellner and Wallerstein hum nation mein padhenge bahut hi important thinker hain agar aapke paas political science optional hota aap pakka padhte inke bare mein Gellner and Wallerstein. Jo Ernest Gellner hain Wallerstein ke saath mil ke kya baat bolte hain ki jaise jaise samaaj modern society mein nation banne shuru ho jayenge, jaise jaise nation banenge, modern nation banenge, usi tarah se ethnicity apna apna asar dikhana kam kar degi. To log ek kisi broader nation ke saath identify karenge khud ko, karwayenge, woh woh apne aap ko chhoti ethnicity ko bhoolna shuru ho jayenge. Woh Gellner and Wallerstein aisa mante hain, theek hai ji, theek hai ji, isi liye woh bol rahe hain ki ki abilities ya phir jis tarah ki aapki kabiliyat hogi usi ke hisaab se aapki class position vary karegi, class position. Kabilyat ke hisaab se ethnicity dissipate honi shuru ho jayegi khatam honi shuru ho jayegi. Okay, similar sa idea Habermas bhi bolte hain ki is tarah se modern society mein modern society mein kehte hain kya ho raha hai, hum Ashish Nandi ka ek ek padhenge Ashish Nandi paper 2 mein aayenge. To Ashish Nandi, Habermas ka idea kafi similar hai. Woh keh rahe hain jaise jaise modernisation ki forces badh rahi hain, modernisation ki forces badhne se kya hoga hum dekho hum sab similar hone shuru ho jayenge, modernisation hume sabko similar bana deti hai. Jaise aap sab hum sab ek tarah ke hi kapde pehente hain denim jeans pehente hain, upar T-shirt pehente hain, aisa nahi hai hum pehen rahe hain duniya bhar mein Mexico mein, America mein, Europe mein sab jagah hi, Africa mein sab jagah hi same tarah ke dress up ho gaya hai. Same tarah ki humne pehle baat ki thi TV shows dekhte hain, programs dekhte hain to similarities badhti ja rahi hain. Woh keh rahe hain ki lekin ab Habermas ko kya tension hai ya Ashish Nandi ko woh bolte hain ki jab similarity badhti jayengi then people would get worried ki main duniya mein unique kaise nazar aaun. To kehte hain unique hone ke liye kya karenge people will start go going back to what ethnicities. Woh apne region ethnicity pe wapas jayenge. Theek hai, modernisation ki forces ke Ashish Nandi likhte hain ki modernisation ki forces kya karti hain duniya ko flat karte jati hain, similar karte jati hain, kehte hain us mauke par people want to to cling on to some identity. Ethnicity gives them identity. Okay. Theek hai ji, isi liye modern societies mein ethnicity covert chhupi hui form mein wapas aayegi. Theek hai ji, okay. Paul Hirst, woh Marxist hain Paul Hirst, woh keh rahe hain ki capitalist ne kehte hain naya ek ek cheez ethnicity naam ki cheez shuru ki hai, Paul Hirst aisa mante hain, capitalists taaki working class tooti-phooti rahe, divided rahe and hamare khilaf khadi na ho jaye, revolution na ho bas, theek hai ji, inka idea hai likh denge hum paper mein agar aaya hume hume yaad aa gaya to. Ki working class ko todne ka ek tarika hai ethnicity ke naam pe unko baante rakho. Theek hai ji, okay. Colin Brown, Pat Gray, aapne lecture lagaya hoga abhi previously woh lecture jisme humne race ki baat kari ki colors dekh ke interview walon ne reject kar diya jo fake CV and fake calls ki gayi thi ki black ko reject kar diya white ko accept kar liya and Asians ko average hi performance mili jabki similar qualifications thi, theek hai ji.
[11:17]To Colin Brown, Pat Gray ke jo yeh wala experiment ne hume bataya ki accordingly kis tarah se asar karti hain ethnicities. Kehne ko ethnicity hum nahi mante hum equal opportunity dete hain lekin karti hain kaam covertly, chhupe-chupaye andar covertly they exist. And similarly Italian migrants wala case bhi aapne bolna hai ki post war USA mein jab unko equal opportunity nahi mili alag alag pad gaye to Italian migrants they became mafia. Okay. Aage Paul Brass, yeh teen tarah se define karenge ethnic groups ko. Ek to hai objective, objective ka matlab hua jo dekh sakte hain hum qualify kar sakte hain quantify. Ki dikh raha hai aapki shakal alag hai, dikh raha hai ki aapki bhasha alag hai. Theek hai ji, distinguishing koi objective ya phir objective ka matlab kya hota hai ki jo dekh sakte hain hum thoda thoda sa quantifiable, theek hai. Aisa koi feature jisse ek group doosre group se alag ho jata hai, for example chehre ka dekhne ka tarika phenotype agar aap Chinese looking ho ya phir let's say South Indian looking ho, let's say ya ho sakta hai ki aapke jo baal curly hain and kuch bhi. To accordingly aap distinguishing ho, objective anybody can make out, anybody can see. And then comes aur kya criteria ho sakta hai ki kya bhasha bolte ho kis jagah se aate ho, religion kya follow karte ho, dress kya pehente ho, so on so forth bahut sara. And then subjective, subjective ka matlab ki mujhe hum dekhne mein chahe alag alag hain, mera rang kala aapka rang gora, lekin hum sab hain ek hi tarah ke hum sab Marathi, hum sab Punjabi, we feeling. We feeling bahut hi important ek word hai we feeling se hi hum nation se nation derive karenge ki nation kis baat pe banne shuru hue the we feeling ki duniya bhar ke log ikhatte hue ek particular jagah pe sabko lagta hai hum sab ek jaise hain India, we feeling, theek hai ji, alag alag kitni diversity hai. To subjective, subjective matlab dikhta nahi hai lekin hum sab mante hain. And then uske baad aayega behavior, behavior matlab koi teesra bata raha hai. Yeh to tha ki koi object objective criteria hai, yeh tha ki hum mante hain, yeh hai koi third third party ko lagta hai ki aap sab ek jaise ho. Jaise isko kya bolte hain isko ek idea hum padhenge politics mein politics wale chapter mein usko bolte hain otherization, otherization ka matlab kya hota hai ki ki let's say ab main rehta hun maanlo USA mein, main USA ka citizen hun, wahin rehta hun main aur main white American hun. And mujhe sare ke sare Asian ek jaise lagte hain ki sabhi Asian ek jaisi baatein karte hain, ek jaise kaam karte hain, to chahe ab Asian mein to kitna bada group hai na Chinese hain, Vietnamese hain, Indonesian hain, Indian hain, Singapore se hain. Itne sare, to meko bas lekin mujhe sare same Asian lagte hain. To maine kya kiya maine ab maine ek criteria apne dimag mein baitha liya maine un sab ko ek hi jaisa classify kar diya. Theek hai ji, to to yeh kya hua? Points to existence of concrete specific ways in which ethnic groups do or do not behave in relation to or in interaction with other groups. Baki groups kis tarah se mante hain ek kisi group ko. Theek hai ji, okay. Then, Ethno-violence ki ethnicity ke naam pe violence bhi dekhi jati hai jahan par jo immigration the, jiske naam se jis jagah par log gaye, jis jagah pe log gaye let's say Indians, Indians gaye USA mein. To wahan par host model jaise USA mein gaye aur wahan pe let's say Indians ke saath bura bartav hua to wahan pe host jo host the unhone bura bartav kiya, theek hai, to hume violence dekhne ko milegi. Theek hai, isko host model bolte hain jahan pe jisne host kiya immigration host and rather than kehte hain ki jo white the white acknowledge karte ki log alag alag tarah ke hain, unhone acknowledge nahi kiya Indians ko alag tarah treat kiya jaise Australia mein bahut violence hui thi Indians ko leke to unhone Indians ko Indians ke jaise treat na karke unke saath violence ki, theek hai ji, differences nahi mane violence hui. And inclusive development rukti hai us baat se, theek hai ji, and is tarah se jo immigrants ko kya chahte hain woh ki immigrants unke model mein fit ho jayen rather than ke acknowledge karen ki alag alag ho sakte hain unke model mein woh fit karna chahte hain jahan tak possible ho. Theek hai ji, to abhi last mein bas khatam karte hain isko. Wahan par hum example lenge ki recent cases mein bhi hua ethnicity. Russia ne Crimea ko annex kar liya yeh bolte hue ki wahan pe Russian population rehti hai zyada. Theek hai ji, and then Hitler ne holocaust kar diya ethnicity ke basis par and ethnicity social stratification ka ek model rahega jo ki society ko jodta and todta rehta hai, theek hai ji, isi liye contemporary sociologists ke liye bahut hi ek important topic hai study karne ka. Theek hai ji, to apna yeh topic khatam hota hai ethnicity ka, milte hain again next lecture mein, thank you.
