[0:01]Hello guys, welcome back to ITEK World AKTU. To is video ke andar hum ek naya subject shuru karne ja rahe hain jiska naam hai Essence of Indian Traditional Knowledge.
[0:12]Jiska subject code hai BNC 502 ya phir BNC 602, theek hai.
[0:17]To iski unit one hone wali hai. To yeh unit one ka syllabus hai, aap log chaho to dekh sakte ho. Hum log apne main topic pe aate hain unit one ke jo ki hai Theories of the Origin of the State in Ancient India.
[0:30]Basically isme bataya gaya hai ki kaise yeh jo state bana, iska origination kaise hua, kaise yeh shuruaat hui Ancient India ke time pe.
[0:40]Theek hai, to iske andar basically four theories aati hain humari jo batati hain ki kaise yahan par origin of state hua jisme sabse pehli theory hoti hai Evolutionary Theory.
[0:51]Ab iska kya matlab hai, basically yeh theory humein yeh batati hai ki state evolved gradually from stateless society through agriculture, families, and council to organized states.
[1:03]To is theory ne yeh bataya ki kaise kaise gradually yeh jo humari society thi, yeh ek stateless society se organized society ya organized state mein convert ho gayi aur yeh basically logo ke agriculture se, unki jo occupation thi, theek hai, families ke hisab se, council ke hisab se yeh transformation yahan par hua.
[1:24]Theek hai. Next theory hai tumhari Force Theory. To Force Theory kya hai? Strong warriors became kings by leading clans in battle for resources like cattle and water.
[1:34]Force Theory basically jaise iska naam hi hai, yeh theory humein yeh batati hai ki ek poore ek aap bol sakte ho ek samooh mein jo sabse zyada strong warriors hote the, hai na, woh kya hote the, woh basically king ban jate the aur us poore samooh ko yahan par kya karte the, lead karte the, theek hai, uske leader ki tarah yahan par unka role tha.
[1:55]To yeh thi tumhari Force Theory. Mystical Theory kya hai, yeh bahut important theory hai, Mystical Theory abhi hum aage bhi padhenge. Mystical Theory ke hisab se kings jo the, unko yahan par divine beings ki tarah yahan par mana jata tha.
[2:07]Theek hai. Aur unko aisa bola jata tha ki woh God hi hain yahan par, unko is tarah se unko aise dekha jata tha. Theek hai.
[2:14]Fourth theory jo thi, woh thi Contract Theory. So, based on social contract, rulers were accepted for protection, especially in Buddhist texts and Kautilya's Arthashastra, which strengthened royal power.
[2:27]To is theory mein kya tha, contract theory basically yeh thi, is theory ke hisab se jo rulers the, jo rule kar rahe the, ek particular kingdom ko, unko accept kiya jata tha in behalf of ki woh humein protect karenge, theek hai.
[2:40]Humare rights ko, jo bhi normal log the wahan par, unke rights ko protect karna, unko unke rights ko yahan par unko dena, yeh saari cheeze iske liye yahan par hum rulers ko accept karte the, theek hai.
[2:52]To yeh humari char theories thi, ki kaise yahan par state ka origination hua. Next jo topic aata hai, woh aata hai Stages of State Formation in Ancient India.
[3:02]Basically zyada important topic nahi hai lekin humare syllabus mein hai to usko thoda thoda hum log dekh lete hain. Isme dekho jo stages aati hain, woh sabse pehli stage hai tumhari Tribal Military Democracy.
[3:14]In stages ka na, naam bas yaad kar lena, kyuki agar yeh long answer mein to jahan tak nahi aayega, lekin short answer mein aa sakta hai ki aap stages ke sirf naam bataye.
[3:22]To us case mein aapko yeh naam pata hone chahiye to unka naam yaad kar lena. To jo sabse pehli stage thi, earliest stage, with tribal assemblies focused on war, to yahan par jo sabse pehla stage tha, usme jo main focus tha woh war ke upar tha, theek hai, jisme kuch women bhi included thi aur yeh basically iska jo emphasis hai, iska jo introduction hai woh Rig Vedic period ka hai.
[3:46]Theek hai. Next hai Break-up of Tribal Polity. So, conflicts between warrior chiefs (rajan) and commoners (vis) led to the emergence of taxes, classes (varnas), and support from the priestly class (brahmins).
[3:59]To isme basically kya tha jo warrior chiefs thi aur jo common log the, unke beech mein conflict shuru ho gaya, jiski wajah se yahan par tax ki jo woh thi, woh shuru ho gayi, alag alag classes banne lage.
[4:12]Theek hai. Next tha Formation of Full-Fledged States. To third stage mein kya tha, ek full-fledged states yahan par form ho gaye the jaise ki Kosala and Magadha with standing armies and organized tax systems.
[4:24]Jo fourth stage thi woh thi Maurya Phase. To isme kya tha, strong central bureaucracy controlled the economy and regulated various aspects of society, expanding state power.
[4:33]To basically is stage mein kya tha, bureaucracy yahan par introduced ho gayi thi, theek hai.
[4:37]Bureaucracy kya hota hai, jo bhi powers hoti hain, woh jis aap particular level pe hain, theek hai.
[4:41]Jaise aap jo bhi aapke paas hai, jaise koi IAS officer hai, hai na, uske paas jo powers hongi, woh uski post ke according hongi, hai na.
[4:49]Isi tarah se ek inspector ke paas jo bhi powers hongi, woh uski post ke hisab se hongi. To bureaucracy pe yahan par yahi tha, yeh bureaucracy yahan par introduce kar di gayi.
[4:59]Theek hai. Next tha Decentralized Administration. So, shift to local control with towns, feudatories, and military leaders gaining influence, balanced by the divine authority of the king.
[5:10]To yahan par wahi cheez ki king ko divine authority mana gaya tha aur yahan par local level mein shift hone laga cheezon ka, theek hai.
[5:18]Uske baad tha Proto-Feudal Polity (Gupta Period). So, land grants became key, giving fiscal and administrative power to recipients, especially priests, marking a shift towards a feudal system.
[5:31]To isko hum Gupta Period bhi kehte hain, usko easy mein samajhne ke liye Gupta Period bhi padh sakte ho. Yahan par basically jo powers thi woh priest ki taraf yahan par shift kar di gayi, theek hai. To yeh humari char theories thi ki kaise yahan par state ka origination hua.
[5:45]Next topic aata hai Kingship ka topic. Kingship ka topic important hai. Kingship kya hai, Kingship hai basically, The king was the central authority, as per Kautilya's Saptanga Theory.
[5:54]To jaise humne dekha ki yahan par jo king hain, unko hum divine authority mante hain. To wahi cheez yahan par hai ki us time pe jo king the, unko central authority mana jata tha Kautilya's Saptanga Theory jo most important topic hai unit one ka abhi hum dekhenge.
[6:09]His role was to protect the kingdom from external and internal threats, uphold social order, enforce laws, and support both rich and poor.
[6:19]To basically king ki jo duty thi, jo role tha woh kya tha, apne kingdom ko obviously protect karna. Uske wahan ke jo log the unko basically unko rights provide karwana, hai na.
[6:27]Laws karna agar kisi ne kuch galat kiya hai to particular action lena, theek hai, uske baad dono ko support karna, chahe woh ameer ho, chahe woh gareeb ho. Ek ideal king basically kya hai, ek ideal king was active, benevolent, and aimed to be a Chakravati (universal ruler).
[6:44]A concept realized by the Mauryas and celebrated in various religious tradition as a semi-divine figure. Aur ek king, ideal king kya hoga, usko active hona chahiye, logo se pyaar karne wala, benevolent hona chahiye aur Chakravarti hona chahiye. Theek hai.
[7:01]Achcha. Usi ke sath tumhare jo kingship mein next aate hain, woh aate hain Council of Ministers. To jaise humne abhi bhi dekha hai ki humare paas prime minister hote hain, hai na.
[7:07]Uske sath unke council of minister hote hain. To ancient India mein aap aise samajh sakte ho ki prime minister ki jagah humare king aa jate the, theek hai.
[7:18]Aur council of minister ki jagah jo hum log abhi baat kar rahe hain, woh wahan par bhi council of minister hi hote the, theek hai.
[7:23]So, in Ancient India, the Council of Ministers (mantriparishad) was vital to governance. The king needed its approval for key decision. Ministers were chosen for their wisdom and integrity, not as yes-men, but as leaders committed to the kingdom's welfare.
[7:41]To yahan par council of minister ya phir mantriparishad important isliye the kyuki king ko inka approval chahiye hota tha different different decision ke liye, alag alag matter ke liye aur yahan par yeh jo ministers hote the, yeh apne intellect ke liye, apni wisdom ke liye jane jate the na ki aisa yes-men ki jo bhi king bol rahe hain, usme yeh hami bhar rahe hain, aisa yahan par nahi tha.
[8:26]Theek hai. Achha, next topic aata hai Administration in Ancient India. Mujhe pata hai ki thoda sa yahan par aap logo ko lag raha hoga fast ho raha hoga, main zyada deep mein isliye nahi ja rahi in topics ke kyuki yeh zyada important topics nahi hain, hai na.
[8:37]Waise bhi non-credit hai to aap isko padhoge to exam se pehle hi ek din pehle. To isliye yahan par jo zyada important topic nahi hai, usko main bas thoda thoda samjha rahi hoon, jo zyada important topic hai, usko hum log in detail mein samjhenge, uski chinta mat karna. To yahan par basically next topic hai Administration in Ancient India.
[8:54]To usko samajh lete hain. During the Mauryan era, India saw the development of a well-organized, hierarchical bureaucracy.
[9:03]This system, as described in Kautilya's Arthashastra, iska naam aapko hamesha dikhega. Next video mein aapko samajh mein aayega yeh Kautilya Arthashastra kya hai. Basically ek manual hai, ek text hai, jisme alag alag topics ke bare mein cheeze batayi gayi hain. Theek hai.
[9:17]Which included 18 high officials and 27 superintendents, who handled mainly economic and some military affairs. To basically administration kaise hota tha, Ancient India ke time mein, woh yahan par bataya gaya hai jisme 18 high officials the, 27 jo the woh superintendent the aur inka kaam tha economic aur military affairs ko yahan par handle karna.
[9:40]To yeh saari cheeze. Theek hai. Uske baad the state controlled resources like mines, fisheries, and salt pans, either working them directly using labor or leasing them to entrepreneurs in exchange for a share of their output. Theek hai.
[9:51]Next hai Political Ideas in Ancient India. So, Ancient India had a well-developed science of statecraft, known by names like Rajadharma, Dandaniti, Nitisastra, and Arthashastra.
[10:00]To isme basically bataya gaya hai ki kaun kaun se ideas aise the jo bahut important the ancient India ke time mein jaise isme Rajadharma hai, Dandaniti hai, hai na, Arthashastra hai jo bahut important hai. Focusing on monarchy and the king's duties.
[10:16]To yeh jo saare text hai yahan par, hai na, aur yeh jo saari manuals hain, inme basically bataya gaya hai ki ek king ki duty kya honi chahiye, uske responsibilities kya honi chahiye aur bhi bahut saare topics yahan par bataye gaye hain.
[10:31]Jaise Dandaniti mein yahan par bataya gaya hai, iska poora emphasis kaise hum force ko, kaise dand ko yahan par introduce kar sakte hain taaki yeh jo state hai isme order maintain rahe aur Nitisastra mein basically leadership ke bare mein yahan par samjhaya gaya hai. Theek hai.
[10:47]Conditions of the welfare of societies. So, in Hindu thought, the purpose of government was to administer the eternal law (sanatana dharma) rather than create new law.
[10:57]Buddha adapted principles for the welfare of republics, emphasizing frequent public assembly, unity in decision-making. To basically yahan par bataya gaya hai ki us particular time period mein kaise yahan par welfare of society hoti thi, theek hai.
[11:11]To jo Budh the yahan par unne bahut saari aisi principles adapt karein jisse logo ka yahan par welfare ho sake. Theek hai. Iske sath sath yahan par respect for elders, prohibition of forcefully holding women, reverence for shrines, and support for perfected being, ensuring their comfort and presence in the land.
[11:30]To yahan par woh saari cheeze kari gayi jo ki yahan par logo ke welfare ke liye bahut zyada important thi, theek hai.
[11:38]Achcha. Next topic aa jata hai jo most important topic hai, maan ke chalna unit one mein kuch chhod ke jao sab kuch lekin yeh topic bilkul mat chhodna jo ki hai Kautilya's Saptanga Theory jisko hum Seven Limbs bhi bolte hain, theek hai.
[11:51]Yeh question aayega hi aayega paper mein aur bahut asaan hai. Isme basically kya hai, isme bataya gaya hai ki seven key organ ek state ke kya hote hain, woh Kautilya ne bataya hai.
[12:00]Apni Saptanga Theory mein. Theory ko padh lete hain. Sabse pehla jo organ hai, ya sabse pehla jo element hai, tumhari Saptanga Theory ka, woh hai Swami, The Ruler.
[12:10]Jisko hum tab se padh rahe hain ki King jo hain woh Divine hain yahan par, hai na, to woh king ki hi baat ho rahi hai.
[12:16]So, a noble, brave, and learned king who cares for his subject, subject matlab jo normal log hain woh, common log hain woh, and uses his powers for their welfare.
[12:27]To yahan pe bataya gaya hai ki ek aisa king jo ki noble hai, brave hai aur usko ache se bahut saari cheeze pata hain jo apne subject ke bare mein yahan par care karta hai aur apni power ko use karta hai unke welfare ke liye usko yahan par number one pe rakha gaya hai ya pehla organ rakha gaya hai.
[12:45]Dusra organ jo state ka hai, woh hai Amatya. Inke Hindi naam bhi yaad karna. Amatya jo humne padh liya, The Council of Minister, theek hai, jo ki yahan par jo tumhare Swami hain ya ruler hain, unko assist karte hain, tax ko collect karte hain aur defense system mein apna yahan par contribution dete hain. Theek hai.
[13:03]Next aata hai Janapada. Janapada kya, the population, theek hai, matlab hum log jaise normal common log ho gaye woh aur jo land hai woh, who should be loyal, hardworking, and ready to defend their country. Next aata hai Durga.
[13:16]To Durga ka matlab kya hota hai, Durga ko agar hum Hindi mein bole to durga ya fortified capital ka matlab hota hai kile, theek hai. Kile yahan par kyu hote hain, basically strategic forts for defense purpose ke liye, theek hai.
[13:27]King ko protect karne ke liye, resource ko hum store kar sakte hain, in forts mein, to yeh yahan par hona chahiye. Iske sath jo next element aata hai, woh aata hai Kosha ya the Treasury.
[13:38]To Treasury ya Kosh jisko hum bol sakte hain, tum bol sakte ho ki money, theek hai. Yeh saari cheeze ya khazana jisko hum bolte hain, yeh important hai, theek hai.
[13:46]Maan lo jo state hai usme vipita aa gayi hai ya usme bahut zyada mahamari chha gayi hai. To aise case mein agar aapke paas yeh khazana hoga to wahan se aap help le sakte ho, apni state ki condition ko improve karne ke liye.
[14:00]To Kosh yahan par bahut important element hai. Next hai Dand ya phir The Army. Ab obviously agar ek state hai to wahan par army bahut important role play karti hai. So, a strong, disciplined military, well-trained and well-paid, ensuring the state's security.
[14:16]Theek hai, well trained to honi hi chahiye. Iske sath well paid bhi hone chahiye, ab aisa nahi ki aapki jo bhi army hai, usko koi aur dusra person aake usne zyada paisa de diya to army us taraf chali gayi, aisa nahi hona chahiye, well paid aur well trained yahan par army honi chahiye, theek hai.
[14:32]Next hai Mitra ya jisko hum Ally of Friend bolte hain. So, loyal allies and friend for support, foreign trade, and enhanced state power.
[14:40]Theek hai, suppose koi ek particular state mein yahan par fight ho gayi, theek hai, to yahan par kya hai, agar koi dusre state ka jo king hai, agar woh is particular state ka jo bhi raja hai uska dost hai to woh inse help le sakte hain, theek hai.
[14:52]Foreign trading mein bahut important hai, yeh mitra ya ally. To yeh saare jo elements hain, yeh saare jo limbs hain, woh ek state ke perspective se bahut important hote hain aur yahi hai meri Kautilya Saptanga Theory. Theek hai.
[15:06]Achcha. Next aata hai Society in Ancient India. To abhi humne state ko dekh liya, ab society ko dekh lete hain. So, Ancient Indian society was structured around four main varnas (social classes) and life was divided into four stages known as ashrama.
[15:27]To yeh jo ashrama hai, hai na, ashrama ho gaya tumhara, varna ho gaya, Purushartha ho gaya, yeh bahut important cheeze hain. Yeh question bhi bahut important hai, paper mein hamesha aate hain. Dekh lete hain apna first topic jo isme aata hai Society in Ancient India, jo ki hai Purushartha.
[15:42]Iska kya matlab hai, yeh basically batata hai ki ek human life ka main aim ya main goal kya hona chahiye. Theek hai, to isme four purusharth aate hain jisme sabse pehla hai Dharma.
[15:52]Dharma matlab kya hai, aapki jo bhi moral duties hain, aapki jo responsibility hai, as a human being, woh saari cheeze aapki dharma mein aati hain, theek hai.
[16:02]Second aata hai Artha ya phir Wealth. Wealth kya hai, pursuing material success and economic well-being. To agar aap economically sound ho, aapke paas acha khasa money hai, wealth hai to yeh aapki second aapka jo hai woh aim hona chahiye.
[16:16]Third hai Pleasure ya kaam to basically aapki jo life ki desires hain, aesthetic pleasures hain, woh saari cheeze aapki kaam mein aa gayi aur fourth aata hai Moksha.
[16:24]Moksha basically kya hai, attaining spiritual freedom and release from the cycle of birth and death, theek hai, to aap spiritually freedom bol sakte ho aur aisa bol sakte ho ki aap yeh jo birth aur death ki jo cycle hai, isse release ho gaye ho, isse aapko mukti mil gayi hai, theek hai.
[16:42]To yeh yahan par four tarah ke Purusharth the ya phir human being ke four aims of human life the, theek hai.
[17:00]Next aata hai Varnashrama System of Ancient India. Varnashrama System bhi important question hai. Basically isme bataya gaya hai ki jo society thi, usko char varn mein yahan par baanta gaya hai, jisme aapne suna bhi hoga, pehla varn jo tha, woh tha Brahmin.
[17:13]Brahmin kaun the, basically yeh sabse upar the is hierarchy mein aur inki jo duty thi, jo responsibility thi, woh thi basically cheezon ko seekhna, dusron ko un cheezon ko samjhana, dusron ko teach karna aur priesthood, theek hai, jo jaise pooja ho gaye, pandit jo hote hain woh. And they had the spiritual power and legal privileges.
[17:36]To inko sabse upar mana jata tha varn system mein. Second hai Kshatriyas. So the warrior and the ruling class. To ek army mein jo warrior log hote hain, hai na, woh basically Kshatriya the, inka jo main purpose tha, jo main responsibility thi, woh thi society ko protect karke rakhna aur society ke andar peace ko maintain karna, external invasions yahan par protect karke rakhna, theek hai.
[17:57]Achcha, third aata tha Vaishyas. Vaishyas kaun hote the, basically yeh merchant class hote the jo ki trade aur business mein basically involved hote the. Theek hai.
[18:07]Inke paas kafi zyada knowledge hoti thi. Ab normal si baat hai ki agar yeh trade kar rahe hain to inke paas bahut achi knowledge hogi goods ki, hai na, yeh saari cheeze. Aur jo hamara fourth tha, jo sabse lower class tha, woh the Shudras aur yeh sabse neeche class thi aur inka jo kaam tha basically inki jo responsibility thi, woh thi in teeno, yeh jo teen varn hain, inko serve karna aur with limited rights and status aur inko zyada rights bhi mile nahi the. To yeh mere the char varn system, jisme sabse upar the Brahmins aur sabse neeche the Shudras. Theek hai.
[18:41]Next aata hai Ashrama or the Stages of Life. To basically yeh bataya gaya hai ki Hinduism ke andar life basically four stages yahan par ashram mein divide hai, theek hai.
[18:51]To wahan par idly mana jata tha ki ek human jo being hota hai, uski jo poori lifespan hoti hai, woh 100 years ki hoti hai, theek hai, aur four stages mein baanta gaya hai to har ek stage 25 years ki yahan par hoti hai, theek hai, to isko dekhte hain.
[19:07]Sabse pehli jo stage aati hai, theek hai, life ki ya ashram jo hote hain, woh hota hai Brahmacharyashrama. Brahmacharyashrama kya, the student stage. To iska Hindi aur English naam dono yaad karna.
[19:19]Basically is stage mein bataya gaya hai ki yeh jo stage hoti hai, woh hum as a student yahan par apna role play karte hain jisme hum cheezon ko learn karte hain, discipline seekhte hain aur character ko basically build karte hain, theek hai.
[19:35]Starting with the sacred thread ceremony. To aapne Ramayana mein dekha bhi hoga jo starting jo phase tha Ram ji ki life ka, woh yahi tha, theek hai.
[19:42]Achcha, next jo aata hai, woh aata hai Grihasthashrama. Grihasthashrama basically the householder stage hai jisme jo person hai woh marry karta hai, uske baad paisa kamata hai, apni family ko raise karta hai while pursuing wealth and pleasure within moral bounds.
[19:58]Next jo aata hai, woh aata hai Vanaprasthashrama. To iske naam se hi samajh mein aa raha hai, isko hum retirement stage bolte hain. Isme basically kya hota hai jo individual hai, woh apni yeh jo worldly duties hain, hai na, in sabko withdraw karke iska jo main purpose hota hai woh spiritual contemplation hota hai, theek hai.
[20:16]Spiritually connect karta hai God ke sath aur forest mein chala jata hai, theek hai. Yeh bhi 25 saal last karti hai aur next jo aata hai, woh aata hai Sanyasashrama. Isme basically kya hai, isko renunciation stage kehte hain.
[20:29]Where one renounces all worldly ties to seek liberation. Aur isme kya hota hai, pehle woh forest mein jata hai, uske baad basically sanyasashrama mein woh saari worldly ties ko yahan par break karke moksha ki taraf ya yahan par seekh ho rahe hain, theek hai.
[20:46]To yeh meri stages of life thi. Yeh bhi bahut important hai. Next topic aata hai Marriage in Ancient India.
[21:11]So, in Ancient India, marriage (vivaha) was a crucial samskara with three main purposes: promoting religion through household sacrifices, ensuring progeny for the family lineage, and pleasure.
[21:20]Theek hai, to yahan par marriage ke bare mein bataya ja raha hai. Basically humein jo padhna hai, woh padhna hai eight types of marriage jo aata hai paper mein, aapko marriage ko yahan par define karna hota hai ki kaun kaun se different type of marriage thi Ancient India ke time pe.
[21:33]To woh basically eight types thi, jisme sabse pehla hai Brahma Vivaha. So the purest form, where the father gives his daughter to a learned, virtuous man.
[21:42]Brahma Vivaha basically kya hota hai, isme jo father hote hain, woh apni daughter ko ek learned, ek basically intellectual person ko de dete hain. Theek hai.
[21:50]Second jo vivah hai, woh Daiva Vivaha hai. Isme kya hota hai, the daughter is given as a sacrificial gift to a young priest officiating a yajna. To isme basically kya hota hai, ek young priest hota hai, usko basically jo daughter hai, unko de di jati hai as a sacrificial gift ke taur pe, theek hai.
[22:09]Next aata hai Arsha Vivaha. So the father gives his daughter in exchange for a cow and a bull or two pairs of animals. To basically yahan par kya hai ki exchange chalta hai ek tarah se, theek hai.
[22:19]Jo bhi yahan par groom hota hai, usse ek cow ya ek bull ya dono animals ka ek ek pair le liya jata hai aur daughter apni exchange mein de di jati hai, woh isi time ki ancient India ki marriage thi, pata nahi, theek hai.
[22:32]Next aata hai Prajapatya Vivaha. To isme kya hota hai, the father gives his daughter without demanding a dowry or a bride-price. To isme daughter jo hai, woh apni basically father jo hain, woh daughter ko de dete hain aur kisi tarah ka yahan par dowry ya bride-price nahi liya jata hai, theek hai.
[22:49]Fifth aata hai Asura Vivaha. So the bride is purchased with money. To yahan par jo bride hoti hai, unko purchase kiya jata hai money se, theek hai aur jo money hai, woh father ko de diya jata hai. Next hota hai Gandharva Vivaha, basically saare jo bhi yahan par marriage hai, usse yahi sabse sahi hai, jo ki hai marriage by mutual consent and love between the bride and the groom.
[23:12]Seven jo hai, woh Rakshasa Vivaha hai. Rakshasa Vivaha mein kya hai ki jahan par basically bride ko capture kar liya jata hai aur zabardasti yahan par marriage hoti hai. Next aata hai Pishach Vivaha. Isme kya hota hai, the abduction of a maiden while she is asleep or intoxicated.
[23:27]To yeh basically Pishach Vivaha hai. To yeh eight forms of marriage hain, isko padh ke jana, yeh important hai, theek hai.
[23:33]Next aata hai Gender as a Social Category. To basically ancient India ke time mein ek third gender yahan par emphasize basically recognized kiya gaya tha, theek hai.
[23:43]Text like Charaka's treatise and Jain scriptures explored gender diversity, focusing on physical, psychological, and behavioral aspects. Basically yahan par yeh cheez batayi gayi hai ki diversity ko yahan par appreciate kiya gaya, theek hai.
[23:56]Iske sath sath spiritual liberation ko bhi yahan par guide kiya gaya. Next the Representation and Challenges of Women. To yeh cheez thodi si important ho jati hai, shayad short question mein aa jaye, to yaad rakhna ki ancient India ke time pe women ko respect kiya jata tha, lekin medieval period ke time pe unka status bahut zyada decline ho gaya aur bahut saari aisi cheeze hone lagi jo women ke liye sahi nahi thi jaise ki child marriage hone lagi, hai na, parda system aa gaya, uske baad sati pratha aa gayi, to bahut si aisi cheeze thi, bahut se aise saare challenges the jo women ko yahan par face karne pade the, theek hai.
[24:33]Four Class Classification hum log dekh hi chuke hain. Abu'l Fazl classified people into four groups. Jo warrior class hai, artisans ya phir merchant jo trading karte hain, the learned, theek hai, aur yahan par the farmers and the workers. To yeh four class classification thi. Achcha, next hai Slavery in Ancient India.
[24:50]So slavery existed in Ancient India, with slaves working in homes or fields, theek hai. To yahan par slaves ko as shudras bhi samajh sakte ho, hai na, unka bhi kaam tha dusron ko serve karna.
[25:01]Aur slaves ka bhi kaam tha ki gharon mein kaam karna, theek hai. So they could be prisoners, inherited, or sold, but sometimes gained freedom. Theek hai, kabhi kabhi inko freedom mil jati thi ya normal case mein yeh wahi hote the ki koi war hua, theek hai, aur dusre ke jo bhi yahan par log the unko bandi bana liya gaya jo prisoners the, woh basically aage ja ke slave ban gaye ya inherited yahan par slave hote the, theek hai, to yeh yahan par slavery in Ancient India thi.
[25:29]To is particular unit mein itna hi tha. I hope aap logo ko samajh mein aaya hoga. Maine isme zyada isko long nahi kiya hai, theek hai.
[25:36]Isme jo bhi important cheeze thi, woh humne ache se dekh li. Bas is unit mein kya karna, ek bar na Saptanga Theory ko ache se padh lena, jo seven limbs hain, Purushartha, Varnaashram, Ashrama of Stages of Life aur marriage ko, theek hai.
[25:48]Baki sab ko thoda thoda dekh sakte ho, itna important nahi hai. I hope aapko video samajh mein aaya hoga. Thank you.
