[0:00]Hello everyone. Aaj se hum ek nayi series start karne ja rahe hain. Jisme hum har ek chapter ko bahut hi kam time mein cover karenge. Taki aap logo ki preparation board exam ke liye kafi acche se ho sake. Wo bhi bahut hi kam time mein. Toh aaj ki video mein hum padhne wale hain Class 10th History ke first chapter ko, jiska naam hai The Rise of Nationalism in Europe. Dekho, hamare chapter ki shuruaat hoti hai 1848 se. 1848 mein kya hota hai? Frederic Sorrieu naam ke ek French artist the. Toh unhone kya kiya tha? Apni imagination se char pictures banayi thi, jinko bola gaya The Pact Between Nations. Jismein se yeh jo picture aap dekh rahe ho, is picture mein Frederic Sorrieu ek democratic and Republic world ki kalpana kar rahe hain. Dekho is picture ko agar aap dhyan se dekhoge, toh isme yeh jo statue hai, woh hai Statue of Liberty, jo ki azaadi ko darsha rahi hai. Is statue ke ek haath mein torch hai aur dusre haath mein Human Rights ka ek charter hai. Aur statue ke samne yani ki zameen par monarchy system ya absolute institutions bikhre pade hue hain. Matlab jo rajashahi cheezein thi jaise ki rajao ke mukut, singhasan, unke kapde, yeh sab zameen par bikhre pade hue hain. Isme jo Frederic Sorrieu hain, woh logon ko yeh batana chah rahe hain ki jo yeh lambi line mein alag-alag nations ke log aa rahe hain, woh kaise monarchy system ko destroy karte ja rahe hain aur Statue of Liberty yani ki azaadi ki taraf badhte ja rahe hain. Yeh sab dekhkar unke jo God hain, woh bahut khush ho rahe hain aur unhe blessings de rahe hain. Toh yeh toh keval Frederic Sorrieu ki ek kalpana thi. Lekin is chapter mein hum vaastav mein janenge ki kaise Europe mein alag-alag jagahon par Liberty ke liye struggle hua. Saath mein hum yeh bhi janenge ki Europe mein Nationalism kaise phaila, kya-kya changes dekhne ko mile, kaise logon ne Nationalism ke liye struggle kiya, kaise Dynastic rule khatam hua aur kaise Nation-States ka existence hua. Toh chaliye start karte hain.
[2:14]First topic hai hamara, The French Revolution and the Idea of the Nation. Dosto jab 1789 mein France Revolution hua, toh uska impact keval France ke upar nahi pada, balki uska impact pure ke pure Europe par pada. Kyunki 1789 se pehle France mein monarchy thi. Matlab King rule karta tha. Janata ke paas bilkul bhi power nahi thi. Raja jo chahta tha France ke andar wahi hota tha. Lekin 1789 mein jab France Revolution hua, toh France society mein kai sare changes aate hain. Jaise ki power jo thi, woh Monarchy se hatkar France ke common citizens ke paas pahunch jati hai. Kai aise ideas introduce kiye jaate hain taki logon mein unity bani rahe, jaise ki 'Le Patrie' (the fatherland) and 'Le Citoyen' (the citizen) taki France mein sabhi logon ko saman nazar se dekha ja sake. Third change tha, France ke purane flag ko hatakar ek naya flag introduce kiya jaata hai, jismein teen colour the. Saath mein French language ko national language declare kar diya jaata hai. Ek naya National Anthem compose kiya jaata hai. Alag-alag Deshbhakti ke geet compose kiye jaate hain. Sixth change tha, State General ko hatakar National Assembly setup ki jaati hai. Saath mein jo internal custom duties aur due pay karne padte the logon ko, unko hata diya jaata hai. Toh yeh kuch major changes the, jo ki France mein kiye gaye the during the French Revolution. Kehne ka matlab yeh hai ki French Revolution ke baad France mein Democracy aa gayi thi. Ab log is baat se kafi jyada khush the ki Democracy aa gayi. Lekin Democracy ka maza France mein jyada time tak nahi rehta hai. 1799 mein ek aise vyakti ki entry hoti hai jo ki France se Democracy ko hata deta hai aur sari power apne haath mein le leta hai. Us vyakti ka naam tha Napoleon Bonaparte. 1804 mein Napoleon apne aap ko France ka Emperor declare kar deta hai. Aur ek Civil Code lekar aata hai, jiske teh France mein kai sare changes karta hai. Is Civil Code of 1804 ko Napoleonic Code bhi bola jaata hai. Toh is code ke teh Napoleon kai sare changes karta hai. Jaise ki woh Equality before law establish karta hai matlab kanoon ki nazar mein sab barabar hain. Second woh right to property lekar aata hai. Woh Feudal system ko khatam kar deta hai. Transport and Communication system ko improve karta hai. Weight and Measure ko standardize kar deta hai. Saath mein ek common currency lekar aata hai aur Guild restrictions ko bhi hata deta hai. Toh yeh jo itne sare changes kiye Napoleon ne, yeh sab dekhkar logon ko laga ki yaar Napoleon toh accha aadmi hai. Toh log Napoleon se kafi jyada khush ho rahe the. Upar se Napoleon jahan-jahan bhi jata tha, wahan se woh Monarchy khatam karta jata tha. Yeh sab dekhkar log aur jyada khush ho rahe the. Shuru-shuru mein toh log Napoleon ko Harbinger of Liberty samajhne lage the. Matlab log samajh rahe the ki Napoleon hi Liberty lekar aayega. Lekin aisa jyada time tak nahi chalta hai. Logon ko dheere-dheere samajh mein aane laga tha ki Napoleon unhe Liberty dilane ke liye nahi aaya hai, balki woh khud ka domination badhane ke liye aaya hai. Kyunki Napoleon jahan-jahan bhi jata tha, wahan se Monarchy toh khatam ho rahi thi matlab Raja ko toh woh hata deta tha, par woh apni khud ki army wahan par setup kar deta tha. Iske alawa aur bhi kai other reasons bhi the, jinki wajah se log Napoleon se nafrat karne lage the. Jaise ki Napoleon ne logon se political freedom chheen li thi. Tax badha diya tha. Logon ke upar censorship laga di thi. Upar se Napoleon zabardasti logon ko France army mein recruit kar raha tha. Aisa woh isliye kar raha tha kyunki use pure Europe ko conquer karna tha. Toh yeh bhi kuch reasons the jinki wajah se ab log Napoleon se nafrat karne lage the. Abhi is kahani ko filhaal ke liye yahi rokte hain.
[5:55]Second topic hai hamara, The Making of Nationalism in Europe. Dosto mid 18th century mein Europe mein koi bhi Nation State nahi tha. Nation State matlab koi bhi aisa region nahi tha jahan ke most of the log common language, common culture, common history, common identity se belong karte ho. Kyunki us samay par Europe mein countries toh hoti nahi thi. Balki bade-bade empire hote the. Matlab alag-alag bhasha bolne wale log alag-alag jagahon par base hue the. Toh aise mein unmein nationalism kaise phaila, kaise unke mann mein Nation State ka idea aaya hoga, chaliye jaante hain. The Aristocracy and the New Middle Class. Dosto us samay par Europe mein mukhy roop se do tarah ke log rehte the. Pehle Aristocrats aur dusre Peasants. Aristocrats society ke wealthy log the matlab inke paas bahut paisa tha. Inke paas zameenein thi, yeh socially aur politically powerful the. Yeh log aapas ki hi families mein shadi karte the aur yeh log French language bolte the. Kyunki inka manna yeh tha ki French language ek high status language hai. Upar se inki ek jaisi hi life style thi. Mehenge-mehenge kapde pehnte the, accha-accha khate the. Wahin jo Peasants the woh society ke garib log the aur inke paas na hi zameenein thi. Bhale hi yeh majority mein the, par yeh powerful nahi the kyunki inke paas paisa nahi tha. Ab dheere-dheere kya hota hai, second half of 18th century mein, Industrial Revolution ke chalte, ek nayi working class ubhar ke aati hai jisko bola gaya middle class. Yeh log na hi jyada garib the aur na hi jyada amir the. Par yeh log educated the. Yeh educated isliye ho gaye the kyunki inke paas thoda bahut paisa aa gaya tha. Middle class logon mein aate the businessmen, industrialists aur other professionals. Toh yeh jo middle class ke log the, inhi ke mann mein idea aata hai. Kya idea aata hai? Idea aata hai 'Liberal Nationalism' ka matlab Liberalism ka. Ab yeh Liberalism kya hota hai? Chaliye jaante hain.
[7:54]What did Liberal Nationalism stand for? Toh Liberalism jo word hai, woh ek Latin word Liber se drive kiya gaya hai jiska matlab hota hai free. Matlab yeh jo middle class ke log the, woh Liberalism chahte the matlab free hona chahte the. Jiske liye middle class ke log kai cheezon ke liye demand kar rahe the. Jaise ki pehli demand thi ki Autocracy rule khatam hona chahiye. Dusri demand thi ki jo church ke log hain, unhe jo privileges milte hain, woh khatam hona chahiye. Matlab Clerical privileges ka end hona chahiye. Tisra, constitution hona chahiye aur ek representative form of government honi chahiye. Matlab government janta ke dwara chuni jani chahiye. Toh yeh sab cheezon ke liye middle class log demand kar rahe the. Par dosto pata hai problem kahan thi? Problem yeh thi ki yeh voting rights ki demand toh kar rahe the par keval men's ke liye. Woh bhi aise men's ke liye jinke paas property ho. Aur jo women thi, unko toh yeh voting rights dilane ke plan mein hi nahi the. Matlab yeh women ko support nahi kar rahe the. Toh jo men's without property the aur jo women thi, woh voting rights ke liye Europe ki alag-alag jagahon par protest kar rahi thi. Wahin dusri or Europe mein ek aur problem chal rahi thi. Problem yeh thi ki us samay par jo traders the, unhe trade karne ke liye kafi jyada tax dena padta tha. For example, agar us samay par koi trader Hamburg se Nuremberg jaata tha, toh unhein 11 customs barriers se guzarna padta tha. Matlab 11 jagahon par tax dena padta tha, woh bhi 5-5% ke hisab se. Toh aap soch sakte ho ki agar woh itna jyada tax pay karenge toh unhe kafi jyada loss hoga. Toh yeh ek problem thi. Saath mein ek problem yeh bhi thi ki us samay par Europe mein different types of currencies chalti thi. Lagbhag 30 different types of currencies chalti thi. Toh aise mein traders ko problem yeh hoti thi ki unhe trade karne ke liye har state mein currency change karni padti thi.
[9:49]Toh yeh jo do major problems thi, ek toh tax ki aur dusri different currencies ki, toh in problems ka solution nikal ke aata hai 1834 mein. 1834 mein kya hota hai, ek Custom Union form hota hai, jiska naam tha Zollverein. Ise start kiya gaya tha Prussia ke dwara, but isme baad mein jaakar other German States bhi join ho gaye the. Toh Zollverein ke form hone se trade ke andar kafi liberalization hota hai matlab trade restrictions puri tarike se hat gaye the. Jaise ki Zollverein ke aane ki wajah se jitne bhi tariff barriers the, unko hata diya jaata hai. Dusra, jitni bhi 30 different types ki currencies chalti thi, unko reduce karke keval do tarah ki currencies mein kar diya jaata hai. Tisra, railway network ko bhi promote kiya jaata hai taki trade aur bhi aasani se ho sake. Toh Zollverein ke form hone ki wajah se Europe mein kafi economic liberalization hota hai matlab trade restrictions puri tarike se hat gaye the. A New Conservatism After 1815. Ab hum apni kahani mein wahi wapas chalte hain jahan humne choda tha. Humne dekha tha ki Napoleon ne 1799 mein rule karna start kiya tha aur uska rule 1815 tak chalta hai. Toh ab question yeh arise hota hai ki 1815 mein aisa kya hota hai ki Napoleon ka rule khatam ho jata hai. Toh hota kya hai, 1815 mein ek fight hoti hai, jisko Battle of Waterloo bola jaata hai. Is fight mein ek taraf Napoleon tha aur dusri taraf se kai bade-bade nations, jaise ki Prussia, Austria, Britain, Russia. Toh is fight ka result yeh aata hai ki Napoleon is Waterloo ki ladai ko haar jaata hai. Napoleon ki haar ke baad jo jeete hue Nations the, woh pata hai kaun the? Woh Conservative log the. Conservative matlab yeh aise log the jinhe society mein changes pasand nahi the. Matlab yeh nahi chahte the ki Monarchy ya Autocracy rule khatam ho. Yeh log chahte the ki Europe mein fir se Monarchy aa jaye. Isliye yeh log kya karte hain, Conservatism laate hain. Conservatism matlab jo kuch bhi Napoleon ne kiya tha, jo bhi changes kiye the Europe mein, unhein hatakar pehle jaisa kar dete hain. Matlab Napoleon ke changes ko undo kar dete hain. Jaise ki yeh Monarchy ko wapas le aate hain. Church ki power ko restore kar dete hain. Social hierarchy le aate hain, jaise ki jo upper class, lower class ka jo system chalta tha Europe mein, use fir se restore kar dete hain. Saath mein yeh autocratic rule ko bhi fir se establish kar dete hain. Upar se yeh log censorship bhi laga dete hain. Matlab koi bhi inke against mein na hi likh sakta tha aur na hi chhap sakta tha. In sab ke alawa yeh charo nation ek treaty bhi sign karte hain, jo ki thi Treaty of Vienna. Yeh treaty 1815 mein sign ki gayi thi. Is treaty ko lead kar rahe the Austrian Chancellor, Duke Metternich. Is vyakti ko thoda yaad rakhna kyunki yeh aage bhi aayega. Is treaty ke teh Europe mein kai sare changes kiye jaate hain. Jaise ki France mein Bourbon Dynasty ko fir se restore kar diya jaata hai. Dusra, France ke border par kai sare states banaye jaate hain taki France ka expansion na ho sake. Tisra, Prussia ko kai sari important territories de di jaati hain on its western border. Chautha, Austria ko North Italy ke upar control mil jaata hai. Paanchwa, Russia ko Poland par control mil jaata hai. Kehne ka matlab yeh hai ki is treaty ke sign hone ke baad jo conservative log the, woh puri tarike se power mein aa gaye the. Vaise toh inhone Napoleon ke har change ko change kar diya tha. Lekin ek cheez thi jo ki inhone untouched rehne di. Jo ki thi ki Napoleon ne confederation banayi thi 39 States ki. Use inhone untouched rehne diya baki inhone sab change kar diya tha.
[13:26]The Revolutionaries. Ab dosto is Conservatism se kai sare Liberal Nationalism log khush nahi the. Isliye jitne bhi Liberal Nationalism log the, woh underground ho gaye the, taki woh secretly chori-chhipe is Conservatism ke against mein lad sake. Iske liye inhone kai sare secret groups banana shuru kar diya tha. Secret groups banana isliye shuru kar diya tha kyunki yeh openly kuch nahi kar sakte the. Kyunki us samay par puri power conservative logon ke paas thi. Toh in secret groups banane ke piche main intention Europe mein se Monarchy ko oppose karna aur autocratic rule ko khatam karna tha. Matlab yeh Liberty aur freedom chahte the. Toh Europe mein kai secret societies banti hain. Aise hi ek vyakti the jinka naam tha Giuseppe Mazzini, jo ki ek Italian revolutionary the. Inka janam 1807 mein Genoa mein hua tha. Inhone bhi do underground societies banayi thi. Pehli thi Young Italy in Marseilles aur dusri thi Young Europe in Berne. Aapko pata hai dosto, jo Giuseppe Mazzini the, woh sach mein itne bade revolutionary the ki inse vastav mein jo so-called conservative nations the, woh inse darte the. Jab yeh 24 saal ke the, tab inhe jail mein bhi dala gaya tha inhi revolutionary activities ki wajah se. Jahan tak ki Duke Metternich ne toh unhe describe karte hue yeh tak keh diya tha ki jo Giuseppe Mazzini hain, woh hamare social order ke liye ek most dangerous enemy hai. Matlab Giuseppe B like, yeh dar hume accha laga. Third topic hai hamara, The Age of Revolutions: 1830-1848. Ab aap zara khud socho ki agar itni sari secret societies banengi, toh woh kabhi na kabhi bahar aayengi. Aur agar bahar aayengi toh Revolution bhi hoga. Toh 1830 se lekar 1848 ka jo period hai, usmein kai sare Revolution hote hain. Isliye is period ko Age of Revolutions bola jaata hai. Toh ismein hume teen Revolution dekhne hain. Pehla jo ki France mein hua tha, dusra Belgium mein hua tha aur tisra jo Greece mein hua tha. Sabse pehle hum dekhte hain France ke Revolution ko. Is Revolution ko July Revolution bhi bola jaata hai. Kyunki yeh July 1830 mein shuru hua tha. Toh is Revolution ka result yeh aata hai ki jo Bourbon Dynasty, jise conservatives ke dwara 1815 mein restore kiya gaya tha, were now overthrown by liberal revolutionaries.
[15:51]Saath mein France mein Constitutional Monarchy setup ki jaati hai, matlab raja toh rahega, lekin raja constitution ke hisab se kaam karega. Toh jo Louis Philippe tha, use ek constitutional monarch bana diya jaata hai. Matlab woh kaam apni marzi se nahi balki constitution ke hisab se karega. Toh yeh tha July Revolution in France. Ab Duke Metternich fir se bol padta hai. Woh ek baat bolta hai ki 'When France sneezes, the rest of Europe catches cold'. Matlab woh yeh kehta hai ki agar France chheenk bhi deta hai na, toh pure ke pure Europe ko jukam ho jaata hai. Aisa kehne ke piche uski intention yeh thi. Woh yeh batana chah raha tha ki agar France revolution kar deta hai na, toh pure ke pure Europe mein revolution ki lehar aa jati hai. Aur aisa tha bhi. Uska yeh kehna galat nahi tha. Kyunki jab France mein yeh revolution hua, toh use dekhkar jo Belgium tha, usmein bhi revolution ki lehar aa jati hai. Toh chaliye ab hum Belgium ka case dekhte hain. Ise aap animation samjho, jaise jo Belgium tha, woh us samay par United Kingdom of Netherland ke control mein aata tha. Matlab uska hi part tha. Aur us samay par United Kingdom of Netherland mein Monarchy rule tha. Isliye Belgium bhi isse alag hona chahta tha. Isi liye jab France mein July Revolution hua, toh France ko dekhkar Belgium mein bhi Revolution hua. Aur iska result yeh hua ki Belgium apne aap ko alag kar leta hai United Kingdom of Netherland se. Matlab woh ab azaad ho jaata hai. Ab hum Greek War of Independence dekhte hain. Matlab ab hum Greece ke Revolution ko dekhte hain. Toh Greece us samay par Ottoman Empire ka part tha. Toh jo Greek log the, woh freedom chah rahe the. Matlab woh bhi apna ek alag se Nation State banana chah rahe the. Jiske liye inhone 1821 se hi Independence ke liye struggle karna shuru kar diya tha. Par dosto Greece ke nationalists akele is ladai ko nahi lad rahe the, balki inko kai best European logon ka support milta hai. Kyunki unko bhi aisa feel hota tha ki Greece ko Independence milna chahiye. Saath mein kai sare poets aur artists bhi apni writings aur paintings ki madad se logon ko prerit kar rahe the struggle karne ke liye. In sab ke kai saalon ke struggle ke baad, finally 1832 mein ek treaty sign hoti hai, jiska naam tha Treaty of Constantinople. Is treaty ke sign hone ke baad Greece ek independent Nation ban jaata hai. Yahan se war toh khatam ho gayi thi. Lekin dosto aapko pata hai is war mein hi ek vyakti the jinka naam tha Lord Byron. Yeh ek English poet the. Phir bhi yeh Greek War of Independence lad rahe the. Aisa isliye kyunki inke Greek culture ke sath kafi jyada sentiments jude hue the. Isliye yeh bhi inhe support kar rahe the. Inhone kai sare funds organize kiye the. Saath mein yeh war ladne bhi gaye the, par afsos 1824 mein hi ek fever ke chalte beech mein hi inki death ho jaati hai. Par is war mein inka contribution yaad rakha jayega. The Romantic Imagination and the National Feeling. Ab aap log yeh romantic word sunkar dilmil banane mat lag jana. Iska matlab yahan alag cheez ke liye hai. Chalo samjhata hoon. Dosto aapko kya lagta hai ki jo nationalism ki feelings thi, matlab jo Deshbhakti ki bhavnaein thi, woh logon mein keval war aur territorial expansion se aayi thi? Nahi. Balki ek aur cheez thi jisse logon mein nationalism ki feeling jagai ja rahi thi, woh tha culture. In logon ko laga ki hume culture ke through logon mein nationalism ki feeling arise karni chahiye. Logon ko emotionally connect karna chahiye apne culture ke sath. Taki unmein nationalism ki feeling jag sake. Isi liye start hua Romanticism. Romanticism ka matlab hota hai, a cultural movement to develop a particular form of nationalist sentiment. Matlab koi bhi aisa cultural movement jiski wajah se logon mein apne nation ke prati pyar paida ho. Sentiments jagroop ho. Isi ko romanticism bola jaata hai. Toh aise kai sare artists the jo romanticism phaila rahe the. Apni Arts, Poetries, Stories aur Musics ki madad se. Aise hi ek romantic German philosopher the, Johann Gottfried. Unhone bhi isi culture ke upar do bahut hi pyari baatein kahi thi. Pehli, ki agar aapko janna hai ki kisi nation ka culture kaisa hai, toh woh raja-maharajao ke mehlon mein pata nahi chalega, balki woh aam logon ke beech mein rehkar pata chalega ki wahan ka culture kaisa hai. Chunki woh German philosopher the, isi liye unhone yeh baat German culture ke context mein kahi thi. Dusri baat woh kehte hain ki jo folk songs hote hain, folk poetries hoti hain aur jo folk dances hote hain, yeh sab true spirit hote hain nation ke. Isi liye unka manna yeh tha ki agar nation building karni hai, toh logon ko unke folk culture se jodna hoga. Aaya samajh mein? Ab dosto aisa nahi hai ki logon mein nationalism ki feeling keval culture se hi jag rahi thi. Balki language ne bhi kafi important role play kiya nationalist sentiments ko jagane ke liye. Chalo iska ek example deta hoon. Jisse aapko pata chalega ki kaise logon mein language ki wajah se national sentiments jage. Toh kya hua tha? End of 18th century mein. Poland ka major hissa Russians ke control mein aa gaya tha. Ab dekho scene kya tha. Poland ke log Polish bhasha bolte the. Russian log Russian bhasha bolte the. Ab chunki jo Poland ka part tha, woh Russia ke occupation mein tha, toh unhone kya kiya Polish language ko schoolon se hata diya aur sab jagah par zabardasti Russian language ko impose karna shuru kar diya. Par Poland ke log apni Polish language ko chhodna nahi chah rahe the kyunki unke unki language ke sath sentiments jude hue the. Iske liye woh Russian rule ke against mein 1831 mein ladai bhi karte hain. Lekin afsos unhe daba diya gaya tha kyunki Russian rule us samay kafi strong tha. Par baat yeh nahi thi ki result kya hua. Baat toh yeh thi ki kaise ek language bhi logon mein nationalist sentiments ko jaga sakti hai. Bhale hi unhe suppress kar diya gaya tha, par unki jo spirit thi apni language ke liye, jo pyar tha apni cultural language ke liye, isi ko toh Romanticism bola jaata hai. Isliye jo romantic artists the, woh alag-alag cheezon ko produce karte the jaise ki literature, visual arts, musics, taki logon mein nationalist sentiments jagroop ho sake aur unmein nationalism ki feeling barkarar rahe. Hunger, Hardship and the Popular Revolt. Dosto 1830s ka jo time period tha, woh Europe mein great economic hardship lekar aata hai. Kyunki is samay par population tezi se badh rahi thi, jis wajah se Europe ke most of the parts mein unemployment bhi tezi se badh raha tha. Kyunki jis hisab se population badh rahi thi, us hisab se jobs nahi badh rahi thi. Matlab logon ke paas kaam nahi tha karne ko. Isliye jyadatar jo log the, woh rural area se nikal kar cities mein jaakar rehne lagte hain. Jis wajah se cities overcrowded ho gayi thi aur slums create hone lage the. Saath mein isi time period mein logon ki faslein bhi kharab ho gayi thi. Jis wajah se Europe mein food prices bhi tezi se badh rahe the aur logon ko khane ke liye bhi struggle karna pad raha tha. 1848 mein France ke shaher Paris ki halat aisi ho jaati hai ki log sadkon par aa jaate hain aur protest karne lagte hain. Yeh dekhkar jo ruler tha France ka, Louis Philippe, woh apni position chhod ke bhag jaata hai. Raja ke bhag jaane ke baad, ab sawal yeh tha ki government kaun sambhale. Toh France ko run karane ke liye ek National Assembly form hoti hai. National Assembly ke form hone ke sath hi France ko ek Republic nation declare kar diya jaata hai. Jiske baad France mein 21 saal se upar ke sabhi men ko voting rights mil jaate hain. Saath mein right to work diya jaata hai, matlab France mein sabke paas kaam hoga. Ab dosto jab yeh economic hardship chal rahi thi, tab ek aur revolt dekhne ko mila tha jise Silesia Revolt bola jaata hai. Silesia jo ki Poland ka hi ek region hai. Toh ismein kya hua tha? Ki kai sare weavers ne milkar contractors ke against mein revolt kar diya tha. Aisa unhone isliye kiya tha kyunki contractors ne inki cheezon ke price gira diye the. Aapko pata hai ki us samay par economic hardship chal rahi thi. Upar se yeh log garib the, toh aise mein jab contractors ne inke prices ghataye, toh weavers ko gussa aa gaya. Toh unhone contractors ke gharon mein jaakar tod-phod macha di aur contractors ka saman loot liya. Phir contractors ne army ka support le liya. Aur at the end is revolt mein 11 weavers mare gaye the. Toh yeh tha Silesia Revolt. Is Silesia Revolt ki puri kahani ek journalist ne describe ki thi jinka naam tha Wilhelm Wolff. Aaya samajh mein? 1848: The Revolution of the Liberals. Ab dosto jab sabhi log Revolution kar rahe the toh middle class log kaise shaant reh sakte the. Toh jo middle class log the, woh bhi 1848 mein Revolution kar rahe the. Aur yeh kyun kar rahe the? Kyunki yeh Nation State establish karna chah rahe the. Dusra yeh Parliamentary principals ki demand kar rahe the. Parliamentary principals matlab, Constitution hona chahiye, freedom of press hona chahiye, freedom of association hona chahiye. Toh in sab cheezon ki demand kar rahe the middle class log. Ab hum dosto German region ki baat karte hain. Toh German region ke jo middle class log the, woh inhi demands ko pura karne ke liye ek All General National Assembly banate hain, jismein woh 831 members ko elect karte hain. Toh yeh jo 831 members the, woh 18 May 1848 mein Frankfurt parliament mein ikatthe hote hain. Vaise pata hai yeh ek church tha jiska naam tha St. Paul. Toh usi ko inhone parliament bana diya tha. Toh yeh sab ikatthe hote hain aur ek constitution draft karte hain German Nation ke liye. Par dosto jo yeh constitution draft kiya tha, usmein problem ho gayi thi. Problem yeh ho gayi thi ki in logon ne Peasants, Workers aur Artisans par itna jyada dhyan nahi diya. Matlab unki demands ko include nahi kiya gaya tha. Jis wajah se yeh jo Peasants, Artisans aur Workers the, woh apna support wapas le lete hain. Jis wajah se yeh movement thoda weak ho jaata hai. Lekin phir bhi yeh middle class ke log jaate hain Prussia ke Raja ke paas. Apna Constitution leke. Jismein woh demand karte hain Raja se ki aap yeh Constitution accept karo. Matlab aap Constitution ke hisab se kaam karo. Us samay par jo Prussia ka Raja tha, woh tha Frederick William IV. Aap log soch rahe honge ki yeh toh German the na, toh yeh Prussia ke Raja ke paas kyun gaye the? Toh aisa isliye kyunki us samay par German naam ki koi country thi hi nahi. Balki kai sare German regions hua karte the jo ki mostly Prussia ke hi under aate the. Aur us samay par jo Prussia ka King tha, woh tha Frederick William IV. Isliye yeh log Prussia ke Raja ke paas gaye the. Ab dosto kya lagta hai aapko? Ki Raja maan gaya hoga Constitution ke liye? Nahi na? Kyunki kaun Raja chahega apni power ko kam karna? Toh Raja kya karta hai, apni troops ko bulata hai aur in sab se kehta hai uthao apna saman aur niklo yahan se. Matlab King Constitution ke idea ko reject kar deta hai. Toh yahan par yeh movement fail ho jaata hai. Lekin dosto bhale hi yeh movement fail ho gaya tha, par yeh completely fail nahi hua tha. Is movement ki wajah se jo Europe ke alag-alag monarch the, unhe ek cheez samajh mein aa gayi thi ki woh jyada time tak in Liberals logon ko rok nahi payenge. Kabhi na kabhi toh yeh middle class log jeet hi jayenge. Toh is dar se inhone thoda-thoda concession dena start kar diya tha. Jaise ki inhone pehla Serfdom aur Bonded Labor ko abolish kar diya Habsburg dominions se aur Russia se. Dusra, Hungarians ko autonomy grant kar di jaati hai in 1867. Next topic hai hamara, The Making of Germany and Italy. Is topic mein hum yeh janenge ki Germany aur Italy kaise bane the. Hum inki unification process ko dekhenge. Saath mein hum Britain ke unification ko bhi dekhenge. Toh sabse pehle shuruaat karte hain Germany ke unification se. Germany, Can the Army Be the Architect of a Nation? Toh abhi-abhi humne ek story suni thi, jismein jo Liberal log the, woh 1848 mein apna Constitution ka idea lekar Raja ke paas gaye the. Par Raja ne use reject kar diya tha. Matlab yeh movement fail ho gaya tha. Toh ab sawal yeh aata hai ki fir Germany kaise unify hua hoga? Dekho. Ise aap animation se dekho. Jaise pehle kya tha ki kai sare chhote-chhote German States the. Aur jo Prussia tha, woh ek bada German State tha. Matlab ek bada empire tha. Toh jo Prussia tha, usne socha ki woh khud hi ab Germany ko unify karega. Taki woh apna political domination badha sake aur ek pura ek bada sa German Nation bana sake. Is samay par jo Prussia ka Raja tha, woh tha William I. Ab aap log kahoge ki Raja toh William IV tha, toh William I kaise Raja ban gaya? Toh aisa isliye kyunki William IV ki beech mein hi death ho gayi thi. Phir uske baad William I ko Raja banaya gaya tha. Ab yeh jo naya Raja tha Prussia ka, William I, woh thoda samajhdar tha. Usne socha ki vaise hi liberal log rukenge toh hai nahi Germany ko unify kiye bina. Toh isse accha usne socha ki main hi Germany ko unify karta hoon. Matlab use ek Nation State banata hoon. Toh Raja apne Chief Ministers ko bulata hai. Us samay par Raja ka jo Chief Minister tha, woh tha Otto von Bismarck. Toh Raja usse kehta hai ki jao jitne bhi yeh chhote-chhote German States hain, unhein Prussia ke sath unify karo aur ek bada sa German State banao. Simply Germany ko unify karne ki responsibility ab Otto von Bismarck ko de di gayi thi. Otto von Bismarck aur Prussia ki army aur bureaucracy milkar kai wars ladti hai Austria, Denmark aur France ke against mein. Inse kyun ladti hai? Kyunki yahi woh nations the jo ki kai sare German regions ke upar kabza kiye hue the. Isi liye in teeno ke against mein yeh wars lagbhag 7 saalon tak chalte hain. Aakhir mein Prussia yeh wars jeet jaata hai. Aur jitne bhi German States the, unhe shamil kar liya jaata hai aur ek bada German Nation banaya jaata hai. Toh is tarike se Germany ka unification process complete ho jaata hai. Aur finally January 1871 mein William I ko pure Germany ka Emperor declare kar diya jaata hai. Aaya samajh mein? Toh yeh tha Germany ka unification. Ab hum padhte hain Italy ke unification ko. Italy Unified. Us samay par jo Italy tha, woh 7 alag-alag states mein bata hua tha. Jismein yeh jo state aap dekh rahe ho, woh hai Sardinia-Piedmont. Keval yahi wala region Italian princely house ke control mein tha. Baki bacha hua Italy ka sara region alag-alag powers ke control mein tha. Jaise ki jo Northern region tha, usmein Austrian Habsburg Empire rule karta tha. Centre ka jo region tha, usmein Pope rule karta tha. Aur jo Southern region tha, usmein Bourbon Kings of Spain rule karta tha. Ab dosto maine aapko ek vyakti ke bare mein bataya tha jinka naam tha Giuseppe Mazzini. Aapko pata hai dosto, yeh Italy ko unify karna chahte the, lekin afsos yeh Italy ko unify nahi kar paate hain, yeh fail ho jaate hain. Lekin dosto jo Sardinia-Piedmont tha, uska jo king tha, woh tha Victor Emmanuel II. Toh Victor Emmanuel II ab responsibility leta hai Italy ko unified karne ki. Iske liye woh apne Chief Minister ko bulata hai jiska naam tha Count Cavour. Count Cavour ek kafi diplomat vyakti tha, isliye woh France ke sath milkar 1859 mein Austrian Forces ko hara deta hai aur North Italy ke part ko jeet leta hai. Iske baad South wale region ko jeetne ke liye Cavour ko support milta hai Giuseppe Garibaldi ka. Inki kafi badi volunteers ki army thi. Jinki madad se 1860 mein South Italy ko bhi jeet liya jaata hai. Ab bacha Centre wala region. Toh Centre wale region par Pope ka control tha. Ab yeh dekhkar ki North aur South wala region dono Italy ke control mein aa gaye hain, toh Pope wale log vaise hi dar jaate hain aur surrender kar dete hain. Aur finally 1861 mein Italy completely unified ho jaata hai aur Victor Emmanuel II ko pure Italy ka king bana diya jaata hai. The Strange Case of Britain. Toh abhi tak humne Germany ke unification ko dekh liya aur Italy ke unification ko dekh liya. Lekin ab hum dekhte hain Britain ke unification ko. Dekho Britain ke unification ko strange case bola gaya hai. Aisa isliye kyunki Britain ka unification ek lambi process mein hua tha. Aisa nahi hua tha ki achanak se revolt ya war kar diya ho. Isliye ise strange case bola jaata hai. Dekho kaise hua tha. Pehle jo Britain tha, woh char alag-alag parts mein bata hua tha. Yeh tha Scotland, yeh tha England, yeh tha Wales aur yeh tha Ireland. In sabhi states mein alag-alag ethnic identities wale log rehte the. Jaise ki Scotland mein Scot log rehte the, Wales mein Welsh log rehte the, England mein English log rehte the aur Ireland mein Irish log rehte the. Ab dosto jo Wales tha, woh toh 1565 se England ka hi part tha. England mein pehle power Monarchy ke paas thi, lekin 1688 mein Monarchy ki power ko seize kar diya jaata hai aur sari power English Parliament ke paas aa jati hai. Ab England kya sochta hai ki kyun na in sari aas-paas ki territories ko capture kiya jaye aur ek bada English Nation banaya jaye. Toh iske liye sabse pehle England Scotland ko target karta hai. Jiske liye 1707 mein Scotland ke sath ek Act of Union sign kiya jaata hai. Jiske baad Scotland aur England ek ho jaate hain aur banate hain United Kingdom of Great Britain. Ab baari thi Ireland ki. Toh Ireland mein kya tha ki do tarah ke log rehte the, Catholics aur Protestants. Catholics majority mein the, Protestants minority mein the. Yeh dono groups ke beech mein hamesha tension bana rehta tha. Toh England isi baat ka fayda uthata hai aur Protestants ko support karne lagta hai taki woh inko dominate kar sake. Iske virodh mein kai sare Catholics iska oppose karte hain. In fact ek vyakti the jinka naam tha Wolfe Tone. Inhone 1778 mein iske against mein revolt bhi kiya tha, par inhe daba diya gaya tha. Aur finally 1801 mein Ireland ko bhi forcefully Britain ke control mein le liya jaata hai. Phir ek naya British Nation banta hai, jismein British Flag tha, National Anthem tha, English Language thi aur in sab ko promote kiya jaane laga. Next topic hai hamara, Visualising the Nation. 18th and 19th century mein jo artists hote the, unhone socha ki kyun na Nations ko visualize kiya jaye. Matlab Nations ko roop diya jaye. Unka personification kiya jaye. For example, ise agar hum apne Desh ke sath relate kare, toh hamari India ko kisse represent kiya jata hai? Bharat Mata se. Aur kyun kiya jaata hai? Taki hum jab bhi Bharat Mata ko dekhe toh hamare andar national sentiments jage. Matlab Deshbhakti ki bhavna paida ho aur hum sabko yeh lage ki hum sab ek hain aur Bharat Mata hum sabki mata hai. Thik isi tarike se jo Europe ke alag-alag artists the, unhone bhi apne-apne Nations ko roop dena start kar diya. Alag-alag female figures ke through, jinhein Allegories bola jaata hai. Taki logon mein nationalism ki feelings jage jab bhi woh in Allegories ko dekhe. Jaise ki France ki Allegory banayi gayi thi Marianne. Aur Germany ki Allegory banayi gayi thi Germania. Toh is tarike se Nations ko visualize kiya gaya tha. Last topic hai hamara, Nationalism and Imperialism. Dosto 19th century ke end tak jo nationalism ki feeling thi, woh Imperialism mein convert hone lagti hai. Imperialism ka matlab hota hai ek aisi situation jismein ek bada nation chhote-chhote nations ko capture karne lagta hai. Taki woh apni territories ko expand kar sake aur apni power ko badha sake. Isi ko bola jaata hai Imperialism. Toh isi Imperialism ke upar ek case study hai jo ki hai Balkans region ki, jahan hume Imperialism dekhne ko mila tha. Toh hota kya hai? Balkans ek jagah thi Europe ke andar, jo ki Ottoman Empire ke andar aati thi. Balkans regions ke andar kai sare states aate the, jaise ki Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, etc. Toh kya hua? Jo Ottoman Empire tha, woh dheere-dheere kamzor hone laga tha. Matlab uska disintegration ho raha tha. Jis wajah se jo Balkans regions ke states the, woh apne aap ko independent karne lage. Matlab apne-apne alag-alag Nations banane lage. Par dosto yeh sare nations aapas mein jalte the. Jis wajah se har ek nation yahi chah raha tha ki uska political domination kaise hi na kaise sabse bada ho. Jiske chalte yeh sabhi chhote-chhote nations aapas mein ladne lagte hain taki woh jyada se jyada territories ko capture kar payein. In sab ko dekhkar kai bade-bade Nations jaise ki Russia, France, Germany, Britain, yeh sab bhi is ladai mein shamil ho jaate hain aur phir dekhne ko milta hai First World War. Baad mein is war ke khatam hone ke baad kai sare anti-imperial movement bhi chalaye jaate hain. Kyunki at the end sab ko samajh mein aa jaata hai ki Nationalism toh accha hai, par jab yeh Nationalism Imperialism mein badal jaata hai, toh woh kisi bhi country ke liye accha nahi hota. Kyunki Imperialism ke chalte World War I dekhne ko mila jo ki ek bahut bada disaster tha. Baad mein jaakar dheere-dheere logon mein nationalism ki feeling fir se jaati hai kyunki jin countries ke upar kabza kiya gaya tha, ab unko azaadi chahiye thi. Toh aaj ke liye is video mein keval itna hi. Milte hain is series ki next video mein. Aap chahein toh is video ko like kar sakte ho. Aur is channel ko bhi subscribe kar sakte ho taki aapse is series ki koi bhi video miss na ho. Tab tak ke liye take care, bye-bye.
