[0:00]in the Congo Basin. In the Congo River Basin, 700 plus new species of plants and animals have been found in last 2013-2024 ke beech mein in Congo Basin 700 plus new species have been found.
[0:19]Abh kaunsi species kya UPSC ne ne ye zyada nahi pucha hai dusre desh ki species pe zyada itna dimag nahi gaya hai.
[0:25]But abhi se do-tin saal pehle ek question aaya tha which of the following countries is not part of Congo Basin, kya is part of Congo Basin.
[0:34]Congo Basin countries kaun-kaunsi hai? Toh ab dekho, do you know what is basin countries like kisi river ka basin kya hota hai?
[0:50]Basin. Dekho, bahut simple bhasha mein samjho. Aap wash basin ki baat karte ho na?
[0:55]Aap us wash basin mein pani kahi bhi dalo, ek jagah jata hai, toh all the water flows to one point.
[1:01]Aise hi wo sari jagah jahan se pani bahe ke Congo River mein aa raha hai. Wo sara area kya hoga? Congo River Basin ka part hoga.
[1:10]Toh kya Congo River ki tributaries jahan se aa rahi hai, will that be part of Congo River Basin? Will that be part of Congo River Basin? Yes.
[1:18]Simple, naam mein hi definition ho jata hai if you aap naam ko hi dhyaan se padho ki isko Congo River Basin kyu bol rahe honge.
[1:27]Toh aapko mil jayega. Toh question jo exam mein aaya tha ki Congo River Basin mein aur Congo River Basin mein kaun-kaunsi countries hoti hai.
[1:34]Hai na? Toh abhi abhi news mein kya hai? Congo River Basin mein we have found 700 more than 700 new flora and fauna in last 11 years.
[1:45]Down To Earth mein aaya tha ki WWF bol raha hai 2013 se 2024 tak we have found 700 new species there.
[1:52]But humare liye kya hai? Mapping ke point of view se Congo Democratic Republic of Congo country ki neighboring countries kaunsi hai, plus Congo River ke bare mein kuch basic cheezein, Congo River, in fact, abhi se do-tin saal pehle ye aaya tha Congo River Basin mein kaun-kaunsi countries hai.
[2:10]Is baar aaya tha which of the following rivers have or river basins have highest peatland cover in 2024 preliminary examination mein ye aaya tha.
[2:20]Isme peatland wetlands sabse zyada kiska hai. So let us understand Congo River first.
[2:26]Then we'll understand which are the countries which are part of Congo River Basin, some features of Congo River,
[2:37]jo mapping ke perspective se crucial hai, mapping ke perspective se important hai. Toh dekho, is Congo River, achha pehle na, let me take you to the world map and let us understand the country.
[2:53]Humne kal sare Mains wale topics pe focus kiya tha. Hai na? Aaj bhi Mains wale kuch topics padhenge but thode Prelims wali cheezein bhi hum saath mein karte rahenge.
[3:07]If you come here, this country that you see, this is the Democratic Republic of Congo.
[3:14]Abhi you may find it difficult to remember iski neighboring countries kya hai and all, don't worry. Sab rata ke bhejega bhai aapko.
[3:23]We'll spend a lot of time on Africa. Jab hum mapping mein aayenge, we'll spend a lot of time on Africa and we'll understand all the neighboring countries of Africa too.
[3:33]But notice this, dekho, ye ek country hai, Democratic Republic of Congo, jisse Equator bhi pass ho raha hai.
[3:41]Jab hum rainforest ki baat karte hai, rainforest ki baat karna matlab evergreen rainforest ki baat karte hai, tropical rainforest ki baat karte hai.
[3:52]Toh world mein sabse bada tropical rainforest kahan hai? Amazon. Second largest? Congo.
[4:02]Toh yahan jo rainforest hai, it is the second largest in the world. Congo, if jaise main jab bahut chhota tha na, toh humari social studies ki book mein us time jo purani printed thi, nayi print nahi hui thi,
[4:16]the country was called Zaire, Z.A.I.R.E. It was not called Congo.
[4:23]But baad mein government badli wahan pe, toh unhone wapas se iska naam Democratic Republic of Congo kar diya. Toh this is a country which is located in Africa, jisse kya pass ho raha hai? Equator pass ho raha hai.
[4:35]Iski neighboring countries kaunsi hai? Toh dekho, ye Democratic Republic of Congo hai. It is touching the Atlantic Ocean.
[4:45]Toh yahan se shuru karte hai, aise chalte hai neighboring country dekhne ke liye. Toh sabse pehle sabse easy wala, which country is this? Republic of Congo.
[4:53]This is Democratic Republic of Congo. Bagal mein hai Republic of Congo. Okay, toh sabse pehla neighbor jo humne dekha, wo hai Republic of Congo.
[5:01]Is it easy to remember? Hum hum cycle mein chalenge. Upar, upar jaate ho, Central African Republic. Again, kind of easy hai. Phir Sudan. Toh Republic of Congo, Central African Republic, and South Sudan, not the, we now have two countries, North Sudan, South Sudan.
[5:21]Phir teen na interesting countries aati hai. Inko main aise yaad karta hu, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi. Ye naam uska unka na pyara sa hai, teeno ka.
[5:27]Toh Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi. Teeno ye countries aa rahi hai. And then three badi countries aayengi, Tanzania, Zambia, Angola.
[5:37]Toh abhi they haven't asked ki Congo ki neighboring countries kya hai, but Congo mein bhi na yahan pe conflicts chal rahe hain thode se.
[5:44]Jaise Ukraine ki neighboring countries kya hai unhone puch liya 2023 preliminary examination mein. In the same way if they ask you Congo ki neighboring countries kya hai because Congo bhi news mein hai because of conflicts and all.
[5:55]Toh you should be able to think of the countries ki yaar sabse pehle toh easy wali Republic of Congo. Phir Central African Republic, aur phir South Sudan.
[6:06]Ye teen countries yahan ho gayi. Phir Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi. Teen wo aise yaad karenge. Sab bolo ek baar, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi.
[6:16]Arrey has rahe ho bol nahi rahe ho. Jor se bolo. Ekdam music ke saath. Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi. Hai na? Aise bhoolna nahi hai.
[6:27]Toh easy hai, dekho ab hume lag raha tha ki aise kaise yaad hoga, but now we already remember it. Hai na? Kya-kya? Kya-kya? Republic of Congo, Central African Republic.
[6:37]South Sudan, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi. And then teen badi countries, Tanzania, Zambia, Angola. Kya iski neighboring countries clear ho gayi?
[6:50]Tanzania, Zambia, Angola. You already know ten countries of Africa.
[6:57]Jab aap hum Africa padhne aayenge, you would already know a lot of it because aapko roughly yahan ka situation toh pata lag hi gaya na, kya ho raha hai?
[7:04]Now, Congo River ki jab baat karenge na, toh Congo River Democratic Republic of Congo se toh flow kar hi raha hai.
[7:12]But kya iski tributaries and all, kya iske basin mein sari neighboring countries aayengi? Toh not necessary.
[7:19]Hai na? Aur kya iske basin mein countries other than neighboring countries aa sakti hai? Toh yes, aa sakti hai, dekho, aisa ho sakta hai na ki Cameroon se some river is joining the Congo River?
[7:33]Ho sakta hai? Toh not all the neighboring countries of Congo are part of Congo River Basins. But most of them are there. Toh if if I come back to Congo Basin countries, sorry.
[7:49]If I come back to Congo Basin countries, aap yahan pe aaoge, main yahan pe na humne list kiya hai. Basin countries include DRC,
[7:56]ek toh Democratic Republic of Congo toh hoga hi. Phir wo order dekhna humara. Republic of Congo, part of Gabon and part of Cameroon.
[8:05]Ab dekho, if I take you here. If I take you here, Gabon is here and Cameroon is here. Kya ye Democratic Republic of Congo ki neighboring countries thi? Nahin.
[8:18]But they are part of Congo River Basin. Ye yaad rakhna hai. Bas yahi do hai.
[8:24]Bas yahi do hai which are not neighboring country but are part of Congo River Basin. Aate hain us pe. But if we have to think of Congo River Basin mein neighboring countries Congo River Basin mein kaun-kaunsi country ka country aa rahi hai, we have DRC,
[8:42]we have Republic of Congo, aur phir do countries, Gabon and Cameroon. Phir normal, Republic of Congo ke baad apna kya tha?
[8:52]Central African Republic, aur kya nahi aayega? South Sudan and Uganda. Rwanda, Burundi, Tanzania, Western Zambia, Northern Angola, ye waise hi hai.
[9:03]Toh kya hata denge hum? Sudan and Uganda. Sudan and Uganda hata denge, aur kya add kar denge?
[9:13]Gabon and Cameroon. We have the Basin countries. Toh aap 2022 preliminary examination mein ye question tha.
[9:22]22 ya 21 mein, ki iski Basin countries kaunsi hai? 22 ya 21 mein, nahi, nahi, I think 23 mein tha.
[9:29]23 mein tha, ki iski Basin countries kaunsi hai? Congo se related ek aur question aaya tha kuch din pe kuch ek-do saal pehle hi, ki Cobalt ka sabse zyada producer kaun hai?
[9:37]Toh that's also Congo. Sabse zyada reserves Cobalt ke Congo mein hi hai. You may say, sir, itni factual cheezein, nahi, nahi, us saal economic survey of India had discussed it in a lot of detail. Critical minerals wale us mein na, Economic Survey of India ne discuss kiya tha.
[9:50]Phir 2024 mein bhi Congo pe question aaya. Dekho, hum padhte nahi hai, but I could in last three years I could tell you three questions which are asked from Congo. Congo River Basin, Congo mein Cobalt kitna, aur phir is saal kya aaya? Peatlands wala.
[10:04]Ki world mein sabse zyada peatland kahan hai? Okay. Now, let's come back to, let's come back to this thing, ki Congo River was formerly called Zaire.
[10:17]It is the second longest 4,700 km River of Africa. Longest kaunsa hai? Nile. Nile is the longest river in the world. Is Nile the longest river in the world? Yes.
[10:27]Brazil wale bolte hai, nahi, Amazon hai. Because unke beech mein na difference bahut kam hai. Nile aur Amazon mein difference bahut kam hai. Toh if aap Amazon ka beginning kahi aur se maan lo, toh Amazon becomes the longest.
[10:43]Are we getting it? Toh aise Nile is the longest River. Second longest river of Africa is Congo. And second longest river of the world is Amazon. Jab un dono ke beech mein dispute chal raha hai. Okay, second thing.
[10:55]Then, it is the world's third largest river in terms of discharge volume, in terms of the overall discharge that it makes in the ocean. It is the third largest.
[11:06]After Amazon and Ganges. Ganga Brahmaputra mila do. Baad mein toh Ganga jaake Brahmaputra mein mil jaa raha hai na.
[11:17]And the amount of water that it takes is immense. Toh it is the third largest river in terms of discharge. Ab, it is also the world's deepest recorded river.
[11:23]There's a point where the depth of this river is up to 220 meters. Rivers ka generally this is not what we assume, ki 220 meters toh nahi jaa raha hoga, but this is the world's deepest.
[11:40]Kuch features of Congo River. Okay, now, important tributary, ek tributary hai iska, Chambeshi, jo if you if you come here, kahi ye jo Congo ko na pehle Lualaba bolte hai, baad mein uska naam Congo hota hai. Toh it joins Lualaba and thus this tributary Chambeshi.
[12:00]But we do not need to remember all this. And finally, another important point, it is the only major river of the world, only major river of the world which crosses the Equator twice.
[12:15]Aap dekhoge, Congo ka path kaisa hai? Aah! Aisa hai. And Equator passes through it.
[12:24]Toh it is the only major river of the world which crosses Equator twice. Only major river. Kuch important cheezein Congo River ke bare mein padh rahe hain, samajh rahe hain? Now, the river and its tributaries flow through the Congo rainforest, the second largest rainforest in the world.
[12:44]Ab ye wala part, ye wala part na maine abhi add kiya hai is baar. Main peatland alag se padhata tha, par peatland duniya mein sabse zyada kahan hai, ye I had not taught it. But this was asked in Prelims 2024.
[12:55]World's largest tropical peatland is in the Congo Basin. They store 29 billion tonnes of carbon, approximately three years worth of global emission. And it absorbs nearly 1.5 billion tonnes of CO2 every year. Note: Peatlands are terrestrial wetland ecosystem, in which waterlogged conditions prevent plant material from fully decomposing.
[13:02]Ab peatland kya hota hai, pehle ye samjho. Peatlands kya hote hain? Dekho, when organic matter is just left in the open, there is presence of a lot of oxygen and it will get decomposed quickly.
[13:17]But the same organic matter, wood, leaves, etc., go into the water. Water mein itna oxygen nahi hota. Toh rate of decomposition will be much slower.
[13:27]And in this way, these peatlands act as a sink for carbon. In sab mein kya hai? Carbon hi hai na? Wo peatland store karke baitha hai.
[13:36]Toh peatland basically kya hai? Ek terrestrial wetland hai, which has stored a lot of organic substances, which is not letting them get decomposed quickly and thus is storing a lot of CO2 also.
[13:50]Toh climate change ke perspective se we have to study peatland because if we destroy peatland, what would happen? A lot of CO2 may get released because of decomposition. Toh peatlands are terrestrial wetlands ecosystem, in which waterlogged conditions prevent plant material from fully decomposing.
[14:04]They store toh agar aap Congo Basin ki baat karoge, toh Congo Basin stores 29 billion tonnes of carbon every year.
[14:13]Nahi, sorry, it has stored overall 29 billion tonnes of carbon which is equal to three years' worth of global emission. Globally hum teen saal mein jitna emit karte hain na, utna us mein stored hai.
[14:24]And every year, it continues to store 1.5 billion tonnes of CO2 more. And world's largest peatland, tropical peatland is where? Congo mein.
[14:36]This was asked in Prelims. Okay, ab aao wapas aate hain. Pehle we will quickly talk about the neighboring countries of Congo.
[14:44]Ya dekhne ki zarurat nahi padni chahiye. Dekho, yahan se shuru karenge, Congo is touching the Atlantic Ocean. Toh Democratic Republic of Congo is touching Atlantic Ocean.
[14:53]Then we have Republic of Congo, Central African Republic, South Sudan. Nahin. South Sudan, Uganda ko hatana hai na?
[15:10]South Sudan, Uganda will not include. Rwanda, Burundi, Tanzania, Zambia, Angola. Easy? Neighboring countries of Democratic Republic of Congo were able to remember.
[15:16]Now, when we have to talk about the basin countries of Congo, Congo River Basin countries, we will say the Republic of Congo, Gabon, Republic of Congo, Gabon, Cameroon, Central African Republic.
[15:43]South Sudan, Uganda ko hatana hai na? South Sudan, Uganda will not include. Rwanda, Burundi, Tanzania, Zambia, Angola. Toh Congo River Basin countries bhi hume pata hai. Congo ke neighboring countries bhi hume pata hai.
[16:02]Aur Congo mein largest peatland hai wo bhi pata hai. Congo River is the deepest river in the world, ye bhi pata hai. Congo River is the second longest river in in where? Africa. Ye bhi pata hai.
[16:16]Congo River ka ek special feature it is the only major river which crosses the Equator twice. Samajh mein aa rahi hai cheezein? Okay.
